跨文化交际.docx

跨文化交际.docx

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跨文化交际

TheScopeandClassificationofCommunication

1.交际发生的条件

1）Thereareatleasttwoormorepeople

交际的五种分类

a）Humancommunication

b）Animalcommunication

c）Human-animalcommunication

d）Human-machinecommunication

e）Machine—to—machinecommunication

其他分类

f）Intra-personalcommunication自我传播

g）Interpersonalcommunication人际传播

h）Organizationalcommunication组织传播

i）Masscommunication大众传播

Humanandbiological/physicalcommunication树状图略

2）Theremustbesomecontactbetweencommunicators

a）Two—waycontact=directcommunication

b）One—waycontact=indirectcommunication

c）Facetofacecommunication面对面交际

d）Distancecommunication远距离交际

3）Theremustbealanguagesharedbycommunicators

语言分类树状图略

4）Anexchangeofinformationhastakenplace判断交际的成功程度

a）Completesuccesscommunication

b）Partialsuccess

c）Failure

2.Componentsofcommunication交际的组成

1）Amessage（verbalornon-verbal）

2）Asender

3）Receiver

4）Channel

5）Noise干扰

6）Feedback

7）Encoding编码

8）Decoding解码

3.Modelofcommunication

1）Thelinearmodel线性模式

Sender→Message→Channel→Receiver→Effect

Thereisnofeedbackinthismodel缺点:

无反馈

2）Thecircularmodel循环模式

Message+decode/encode=two—wayprocess

Thisisanexchangemodeleveryoneisbothadecoderandanencoder

3）Thecontexualizedmodel环境模式

Context（环境）referstotheideathateveryactofcommunicationmusthappeninsomesortofsurroundings。

环境分类

a）Physicalcontext物质环境

b）Socialcontext社会环境

c）Culturalcontext文化环境

4.Characteristicsofcommunication

1）Dynamic动态的

2）Irreversible不可撤销的（theoriginalpersoncan’ttakeitback）

3）Symbolic符号性

4）Systemic系统性

5）Self—reflective自我反应性

6）Interactive交互性

7）Complex

municationisculture，andcultureiscommunication。

whenculturediffers,communicationalsodiffer。

6.Ingredientsofculture

Culturesmaybeclassifiedbythreecategories

1）Artifact人造物品

2）Concepts概念

3）Behavior行为

文化的三个层次

1）Materiallevel物质文化

2）Systemlevel制度文化

3）Beliefandbehaviorlevel观念文化

7.Characteristicsofculture文化的特征

1）Cultureisnotinnate（固有的），it’slearned

2）Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration

3）Cultureisselective

4）Thefacetsofcultureareinterrelated相互联系的

5）Cultureisethnocentric民族文化优越感

6）Cultureissubjecttochange文化是发展变化的

Welearnourculturefromfolktales，legends，andmyths,throughartsandmassmedia.Allofthislearningoccursasconsciousorunconsciousconditioningthatleadsonetowardcompetenceinaparticularculture.Theactivityiscalledenculturation（文化合群）。

8.Culturalpatterns文化模式

1）Dominantculture主流文化mainstreamcultureWASP—Whiteanglo-saxonprotestant为美国主流文化

Itinvolvestheculturalcomponentscommontomostpeople,includingviewsofpolitics，conceptionsofselfandbasicrolesstandardformswhichmostpeopleinthesocietyareawareofandaccept。

2）Subcuture亚文化（ethnic,regional，occupational,social,economical，religiousorgender-related）

3）Co-culture共生文化

9.大题Fivevalueorientations

表格略

1）Humannature

a）Evilbutperfectible

b）Mixtureofgoodandevil

c）Goodbutcorruptible

2）Relationshiptonature

a）Naturecontrolshuman

b）Harmonywithnature

c）Humancontrolsnature

3）Senseoftime时间观念

a）Past

b）Present

c）Future

4）Activity

a）Being—oriented

b）Being-and—becoming

c）Doing

5）Socialrelationships

a）Hierarchy

b）Group以群体为中心

c）Individual以人为中心

10.高低语境文化

Inhigh—contextculturestheinformationisinthephysicalcontextorinternalized（内在化）inthepeoplewhoarepartoftheinteraction.Verylittleinformationiscodedintheverbalmessage。

Inlow—contextculturesinformationiscontainedintheverbalmessage,verylittleisinthecontextorwithintheparticipants。

11.Whatisculturelike？

1）Cultureislikeaniceberg

2）Cultureislikeanonion

3）Cultureisoursoftware

4）Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior文化是行动指南

5）Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin

12.Humancommunicationtakesplaceintwoways

1）Verbalcommunication

2）Non-verbalcommunication“silentlanguage”

13.Onewordmayhaveadifferentmeaningandimplicationeveninanotherculturethatusesthesamelanguage。

Bomb:

美，massivefailures英，hugesuccess

14.Theinfluenceofcultureonlanguage

1）Languageasareflectionoftheenvironment

2）Languageasreflectionofvalues

Languagedeterminism语言决定论

15.Wordshavetwolayersofmeanings

1）Denotationalmeaning概念意义

2）Connotationalmeaning内涵意义

Denotationalmeaningreferstoadictionarydefinition

Connotationalmeaningreferstoextendedmeaningsorassocitatedmeanings.

16.Sociolinguistictransfer语用迁移

17.Speechacttheory言语行为理论

1）Locutionaryact言内行为

2）Illocutinaryact言外行为

3）Perlocutionaryact言后行为

18.Faceandpoliteness面子原则和礼貌原则“face"isanindividual'sself—esteem

1）Positivefaceisyourneedtobetoanumberofagroup

2）Negativefaceistheneedtobeindependentandtohavefreedom

Face—threateningacts威胁到他人面子的行为

19.Cooperativeprinciple合作原则的四个准则

1）Quanlitymaxim数量准则：

givetherightamountofinformation

2）Qualitymaxim质量准则：

trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue说实话，有证据

3）Relationmaxim关联准则：

berelevant内容相关不离题

4）Mannermaxim得体准则:

beperspicous明白的表达清楚的

20.FournotionsunderlyingChineseconceptionoflimao

1）Respectfulness尊重

2）Modesty谦虚

3）Attitudinalwarmth态度热情

4）Refinement温文尔雅

21.Styleofparagraphdevelopment

1）Englishlanguagegrouplinearlogicaldevelopment:

topicstatement

22.ThedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternculturalthoughtpatterns

1）IntuitionthinkingVSanalyticthinking

a）Chinese：

harmony,entirety，viewthinkingfromwholetopart

b）Western:

analysis，part，viewthinkingfromparttowhole

2）ConcretethinkingVSabstractthinking具象思维VS抽象思维

3）DeductiveVSinductivepatterns演绎法vs归纳法

a）Deductivepattern:

generaltospecific

b）Inductivepattern：

specifictogeneral

Powerdistance权利距离socialdistance社会距离

1.Chineseverbalstyle：

implicitcommunication含蓄,listeningcenteredness听话,politeness客气，focusoninsiders自己人,face—directedstrategy面子

2.Functionofnonverbalcommunication

1）Replacing代替

2）Regulating调节

3）Conveying表达

4）Modifying更改

5）Repeating重复

6）Complementing补充

7）Contradicting对立

●Eyecontact目光接触

Eyecontactoroculesics，eyeaspeakininterpersonalcommunication。

InNorthAmericaandNorthEurope，eyecontactshowsopenness,trustworthiness，andintegrity,directeyecontactishighvalued，itmeanstobefrankandhonest,it’llkeepconversationpartnertostayinvolved,ortodiscouragehim.However,eyecontactisnotsteady,andmaintainsforasecondortwo。

Staringatsomeonetoolongisn’tpoliteandmakepeopleuncomfortable（US）.Butblackchildrenlookdowntoshowrespect.InJapanlookintheeyeisrude.Arabcultureuseveryintenseeyecontact.

✧Verydirecteyecontactcanbemisinterpretedashostility,aggressiveness，orintrusiveness（干涉）.

✧Minimaleyecontactcanbemisinterpretedaslackofinterestorunderstanding,dishonestyorshyness.

●Touch接触

Touch,orhapticsreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact。

Ifusedproperly,itcreatsfeelingsofwarmthandtrust.Ifusedimproperly，itcausesannoyance.

✧Twocategoriesofcultureaccordingtobodydistance.

1）Touchculturerichinbodytouch:

Arabs,SouthernandWesternEurope，JewsandLatins

2）Non—touchculturenotrichinbodytouch:

AmericansNorthernEuropeandOrientals

✧Handshaking

AfirmhandshakeplusdirecteyecontactisthestandardformofgreetinginEnglish-speakingcountries。

见P150最后一段

✧Huggingandkissing

✧身体接触部位的忌讳见P152

✧Peoplefromlow—contextculturestendtofeelcrowdedbypeoplefromhigh—contextcultures，andpeoplefromhigh—contextculturesfeelleftoutandrejectedbypeoplefromlow-contextcultures.

✧Smell

Arabsfeelothers’presencebysmelling,theyenvelopeeachotherintheirbreath，smellingthenaturalbodyodorsofone’sfriendisdesirable。

●Paralanguage副语言

Paralanguageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Itinvolvessoundsbutnotwordsrelatingtooralcommunication.Itreferstotherate（音频率）,pitchandvolumequalitiesofthevoice，whichinterruptandaffectthemeaningofamessage.

●Personalspace个人空间

1）Intimatezone亲密距离（husbandandwife,closefriends,lovers）

2）Personalzone个人距离（friends,collegues）

3）Socialzone社会距离（formalbusinesssituations）

4）Publiczone公共距离（publicspeech）

●Temporallanguage时间语言（chronemics时间学）

Itreferstothewayinwhichtimeisusedinaculture.Aculture'suseoftimeprovidevaluablecuestohowmembersoftheculturevalueandrespondtotime。

运用时间的方式:

单时制，多时制

5）Monochronictime单时制M-time

M—timeculturesemphasizeschedules,aprecisereckoningoftime（阶段性），andpromptness（准时）。

Usedinindividualisticcultures：

US，BT,CAN,AUSTRILIA,NU.

6）Polychronictime多时制P-time

P—timeculturesemphasizethecompletionoftransactionandtheinvolvementofpeopleratherthanarigidadherencetotheclock.强调人们的参与和任务的完成

Theytendtodoseveralthingsatthesametime.（拉美，中东）

Chinesearepolychronic，theycan—theyprefer—anddomutitaskssimultaneously

见P165表格

✧Keepingapersonwithabusinessappointmentwaitingforfiveminutesisacceptable.

✧Timeframe时间幅度

Itistheamountoftimeyouallowforsomethingtobedone.

✧Toknowanotherculturewemustfirstlearnthelanguage,thenbeabletohearthesilentmessagesandreadtheinvisiblewords,wemustunderstandtheculturalvalues。

Vocabularies

⏹Chapter1

Communication:

交际Sender:

信息发出者Responder:

信息接受者

Message：

信息Channel/Medium：

渠道Encoding:

编码

Decoding:

解码Noise:

干扰Context：

语境Feedback：

反馈

Physicalcontext物质环境Socialcontext：

社会环境Culturalcontext:

文化环境

Interculturalcommunication：

跨文化交际Interculturalbusinesscommunication:

跨文化商务交际internationalcommunication:

国际交流

Interethniccommunition:

跨民族交流Interracialcommunication：

跨种族交流

Interregionalcommunication:

跨地区交流Globalizaion：

全球化

Communicatinbarriers：

交流障碍