survivalofthefittest>andbrotherofthebiologistJulianHuxley（1887-1975）<1stDirectorGeneralofUNESCO（1946-1948）knightedin1958.>
AldousHuxleygainedearlyfamebysatiricalnovelsandshortstories;hisBraveNewWorld（1932）describesascience-controlledcivilizationofthefuture.LaternovelsreflecthisinterestinEasternmysticism,thoughmordantcriticismofmodernworldcontinued.
*Questions
1.What'sthedifferencebetweenindividuals（orgroups）andmasses（orcrowds）?
2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofindividuals（orgroups）?
3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofmasses（orcrowds）?
4.Whatarethethreefactorswhichareincreasingthepowerofmassesinourage?
*agroup---anumberofpeopleofthesameinterests,beliefs,ages,etc.
*acrowd---alargenumberofpeoplegatheredtogether
*characteristicsofindividualsorgroups:
（1）Havingdoubtsaboutthingsthatseemtobeobviouslyright.
（2）Thinkingthingsoutlogically,onthebasisofevidence.
（3）Virtueandintelligence.
（4）Sinandstupidity.
（5）Beingunabletodecidewhethercertainthingsaregoodorbad.
（6）Readingbooks.
*characteristicsofcrowds/masses:
（1）Beingeasilyinfluencedbypublicspeeches.
（2）Nottoleratinganyopposition.
（3）Over-simplifyingandgeneralizing.
（4）Havingfaithinaleaderandobeyingallhisorders.
*Languagepoints
1.tothepointofsth.---toadegreethatcanbedescribedassth.
Sheworkedtothepointofexhaustion.
Hermannerofspeakingisdirecttothepointofrudeness.
Kyreniawaspicturesqueandremoteandquainttoapointwhereitcouldnothavebeenmorepicturesqueorremoteorquaint.
2.besubjectto---havetendencyto,
beliableto
Thetrainsaresubjecttodelayswhenthereisfog.
Areyousubjecttocolds?
3.excess---（pl.）excesses:
personalactswhichgobeyondthelimitsofgoodbehavior,morality,orhumanity
Theexcesses（actsofcruelty,etc）committedbythetroopswhentheyoccupiedthecapitalwillneverbeforgotton.
4.herd---n.crowd
herd-poisoning---ofagreatnumberofpeoplesufferingthepoisoningofthemindoffollowingtheherdwithoutanyjudgementorthinkingoftheirown
7.extravagant---adj.（ofideas,speech,behavior）goingbeyondwhatisreasonable;notproperlycontrolled
eg.extravagantpraise（behavior）
8.intoxicate---v.（fig.）excitesb.greatly,beyondself-control
eg.intoxicatedbysuccess,byasenseofpower,etc.
Intoxicatedwithjoy,withthefreshair
9.atthemercyofsb./sth.---（idm.）inthepowerofsb./sth.,underthecontrolofsb./sth/
Thedayswhenwewereatthemercyoftheheavenshavegoneforever.
Thepicnicwasatthemercyoftheweather.
Theshipwasatthemercyofthewaves.
10.knowone'sbusiness---beproficientin
Hewasverysmartandknewhisbusiness.
Ifhehadknownhisbusiness,hewouldnothavemadesuchabigmistake.
IfTomknewhisbusiness,hecoulddowhathelikeswiththesefellows.
11.haveatastefor---haveapersonallikingfor
Shehasatasteforforeigntravel.
Thechildhasagoodtasteforclassicalmusic.
12.workonsb./sth.---havethedesiredresultoreffect（onsb./sth/）
Hischarmdoesn'tworkonme.
（ie.doesn'taffectorimpressme）
13.havenousefor---refusetotolerate;dislike,havenopatiencewith
Jimmyhadnouseforarithmeticbecauseitwashardforhim.
Theyhadnousefordishonestpoliticians.
14.stock-in-trade---（fig.）words,actions,behavior,etc.commonlyused,displayed,etc.byaparticularperson;sth.habituallyused,esp.askillorqualityimportanttoaperson'sjob
Apleasantmannerispartofapolitician'sstock-in-trade.
15.be（feel）uncertainof（about）---benotsureof
Don'tforgetthathemayhimselffeeluncertainabouttryingsomethingnew.
16.self-evident---adj.clearwithoutanyneedforproof,explanation,orfurtherevidence;obvious
Hersincerityisself-evident.
17.shoutsb.down---shouttopreventsb.fromspeaking
Thecrowdshoutedthespeakerdown.
Don'ttrytotalktothemintheirpresentmood:
you'llonlygetshouteddown.
18.makeanappealtosb.---beattractiveorinterestingtosb.;beinterestedin;catchtheattentionof
Hemadeanappealtohisfriendsforsupport.
Thesebeautifulpictureshavemadeappealtothepublic.
19.goadsb./sth.intosth./doingsth.---urgesb.todosth.;driveforward
Hispersistentquestionsfinallygoadedmeintoanangryreply/intoreplyingangrily.
20.attribute---n.qualityregardedasanaturalortypicalpartofsb./sth.
MercyisanattributeofGod.
Politenessisanattributeofagentleman.
21.integrity---n.stateorconditionofbeingcomplete
TheoldRomanwallsmaystillbeseen,butnotintheirintegrity.
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