英文专业词汇学考试复习资料.docx

英文专业词汇学考试复习资料.docx

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英文专业词汇学考试复习资料

Chapter1TheBasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary

1、TheDefinitionofaWord

Lexicologyfocusesonthestudyofmeaningsandoriginsofwords.

Accordingtosemanticists（语义学家）,awordisaunitofmeaning.

Awordisaminimal（最小的）freeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaning

andsyntacticfunction（句法功能）.

2、 Vocabulary

Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasitsvocabulary.

3、 SoundandMeaning

Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisnologic

4、 SoundandForm

TherewasmoreagreementbetweensoundandforminOldEnglishthaninModernEnglish.

Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesarosebetweensoundand

form.

5、 ClassificationofWords

No.

Classification

Example

Notes

1

By

usefrequency

BasicWordStock

（基本词汇）

Thebasicwordstockformsthecommoncore（共合）ofthelanguage.

Pronouns（代词）andnumeralsaresemanticallymonosemous（单一的）andfairlylimitedintherespectofproductivity（多产性）andcollocability（搭配性）.

Themostimportantfeatureofthebasicwordstockisallnationalcharacter.

NonbasicVocabulary

Archaisms（古词语）：

thou

Neologisms（新词）：

AIDS

Argot（黑话）：

persuader（meansdagger）

TechnicalTerms

2

Bynotion

（有无实义）

ContentWords（实义词）

FunctionalWords

3

ByOrigin

NativeWords

BorrowedWords

Denizens（同代词）：

port、shirt

Aliens（非同代词）：

décor

TranslationLoans（译借词）:

lama（喇嘛）

4

ByMorphology

  （形态）

SimpleWords

CompoundsandDerivedWords

6、简答

（1）、Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

Giveexamplestoillustrateit.

Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisarbitraryandconventional.Indifferent

languages,thesameconceptcanbeshownbydifferentsounds.“Woman”,forexample,

becomes“Frau”inGerman,“Femme”inFrenchand“funv”inChinese.Ontheother

hand,thesamesound[mi:

t]isusedtomean“meet,meat,mete”,denotingdifferent

things.

（2）、Whatarethefourmajorreasonsforthedifferencesbetweensoundandform?

Thefirstreason（heinternalreason）isthattherearemorephonemes（音素）thanletters

inEnglish.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythan

spellingovertheyears.Thethirdreasonsthatsomeofthedifferencesmorecreatedby

theearlyscribes.Thefourthreasonistheborrowing.

（3）、Howarewordsclassifiedinthecoursebook?

Wordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfall

into:

thebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency;contentwordsand

functionalwordsbynotion;nativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin;simplewords,

compoundsandderivedwordsbymorphology.

（4）、Whatisthedifferencebetweendenizensandaliens?

Denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilated（完全同化）

intotheEnglishlanguage.Butaliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheir

originalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeign

inorigin.

Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

1、TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

TheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,thoughttobeahighlyinflected（内部曲折

语）language.

Group

Classification

Including

EasterSet

（东支）

Balto-Slavic

Prussian、Lithuanina（立陶宛语）、Czech（捷克语）

Indo-Iranian

Persian、Bengali（孟加拉）、Hindi、Romany

WesternSet

（西支）

Celtic

Scottish、Irish、Welsh

Hellenic

Greek

Italic

FiveRomancelanguages:

Portuguese、Spanish、French、Italian、Romanian

Germanic

FourNorthernEuropeanLanguages（Scandinavianlanguages）:

Norwegian（挪威语）、Icelandic（冰岛语）、Danish、Swedish

German、Dutch（荷兰语）、Flemish（佛兰芒语）、English

2、 ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment

ThefirstpeopleswhoinhabitedthelandwereCelts.

ThesecondlanguageknowninEnglishwasLatinoftheRomanLegions.

（1）、OldEnglish（450-1150）

    Inthe9thcenturyEnglandwasinvadedbyNorwegianandDanishVikings.

（2）、MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）

     TheFrenchinfluenceonEnglishvocabularywasoneofthesignificantpointsofthe

MiddleEnglishperiod.

ThemostimportantfactoftheMiddleEnglishperiodwasthesteadyerosionofthe

inflectionalsystemsofOldEnglish.

（3）、ModernEnglish（1500-present）

     IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,Europesawanewupsurgeoflearningancient

GreekandRomanclassics.

     ItisestimatedthataboutonefourthofmodernEnglishvocabularyhascomefromFrench.

3、 ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary

InearlierstagesofEnglish,Latin,Greek,FrenchandScandinavianwerethefourmajor

contributors.

ThesimultaneousexistenceofFrench,LatinandEnglishlastedforacentury.

4、 ModesofVocabularyDevelopment

ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:

creation,semanticchange（旧

词新义）andborrowing.

Creationisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.

5、简答

WhatarethecharacteristicsofOldEnglish?

OldEnglishalsoknownastheAnglo-Saxon,hasavocabularyofabout50000to

60000words,whicharealmostmonogeneousandentirelyGermanicwithonlya

fewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.OldEnglishwasahighlyinflected

language.Itwasasyntheticlanguage（综合性语言）.（ModernEnglishisananalytic

language）

Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords

1、 Morphemes

TheminimalmeaningfulunitsinEnglishareknownasmorphemes（词素）.

2、 ClassifyingMorphemes

No.

Classification

Notes

1

Freemorpheme

Boundmorpheme

（粘着词素）

includetwotypes:

boundrootandaffix

arechieflyfoundinderivedwords

2

Derivationalmorpheme

confinedtosuffixesfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers

Inflectionalmorpheme

（曲折词素）

3

Contentmorpheme

（实义词素）

Onasemanticandsyntacticbasis,morphemescanfallintocontent/lexicalandgrammaticalmorphemes.

Grammaticalmorpheme

3、  Morphs（形素）

Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownas

morphs.

4、  Allomorphs（词素变体）

Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.

5、  Affix

No.

Classification

 Notes

1

Inflectionalaffixes

accordingtothefunction

Derivationalaffixes

2

prefix

inviewoftheirdistribution（位置）inthewords

Suffixesembracebothderivationalsuffixesandinflectionalsuffixes.

suffix

6、Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossof

identity.

7、 简答

（1）、Whatisthedifferencebetweenfreemorphemesandboundmorphemes?

Freemorphemeswhichhavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfree

grammaticalunitsinsentencesareindependentofothermorphemes,butbound

morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparate.Wordsareboundtoothermorphemes

toformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.

（2）、Whatisthedifferencebetweenderivationalmorphemesandinflectionalmorphemes?

Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwords,butinflectionalmorphemesare

employedusedtoindicatethesyntactic（句法）relationshipbetweenwordsandfunction

asgrammaticalmarkers.

Chapter4WordFormatio

Themostproductivewaysofcreatingnewwordsareaffixation,compounding,andconversion.

1、Affixation

Accordingtotheposition:

Classification

Including

Example

Notes

Prefixation

NegativePrefixes

（表示否定）

undemocratic,

disloyal

Generallyspeaking,prefixesdonotchangetheword-classofthebasebutmodifyitsmeaning

Reversative/PrivativePrefixes

（表示逆反）

unlock

Suffixaion

（NounSuffixes）

aDeverbalNounSuffix

（动词变名词）

dismissal,

assistant

aDenominalNounSuffix

（名词变名词）

booklet,hostess

Thewordscreatedbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestobasesarecalled

derivatives.

2、Compounding（复合法）

Example:

workfare（work+welfare）

Inadjective-plus-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes.

Verbcompoundsarecreatedeitherthoughconversionorthroughback-formation.

3、Conversion（转类法）

Theconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbsisthemostproductive.

Theconversionoftwosyllablenounsintoverbsinvolvesachangeofstress.

Nounsfullyconvertedfromadjectiveshaveallthecharacteristicsofnouns.

4、 Blending（拼缀法）

Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns

5、Back-formation（逆身法）

Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.

6、简答

（1）、Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenprefixesandsuffixes?

Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilyeffectasemanticmodificationofthebase,suffixes

haveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangesthe

grammaticalfunctionofabase,i.e.thechangeofthewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning.

（2）、Whatarethethreemainfeaturesofcompounds?

Thethreemainfeaturesofcompoundsarephonologicalfeatures,semanticfeaturesand

grammaticalfeatures.Thewordstressofacompoundusuallyoccursonthefirstelement.

Eachcompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Acompoundtendstoplay

asinglegrammaticalroleinasentence.

（3）、Whatisback-formation?

Whatarethecharacteristicsofback-formation?

Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.

Wordscreatedthroughback-formationareverbs.Stylistically,back-formedwordsare

largelyinformalandsomeofthemhavenotsuccessfullygainedcurrency.

（4）、Whatisacronymy?

Whatisthedifferencebetweeninitialismsandacrnyms?

Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcomposite

namesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Words

formedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms.Initialismsarepronouncedletterby

letter,butacronymsarepronouncedasnormalwords

7、论述题

Pointouttheformationofthefollowingwords?

No.

Classification

Including

Exam