《小妇人》的超验主义思想设计.docx

《小妇人》的超验主义思想设计.docx

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《小妇人》的超验主义思想设计

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Abstract:

Americanfamouswriter,LouisaMayAlcott’snovelLittleWomenfullyreflectsthetranscendentalideas.ThisnovelbasedontheAmericanCivilWarcontainscomplexculturalcontextsandthus,canbereadfrommanyperspectives.ThisthesisattemptstoreadthisnovelfromtheperspectiveofTranscendentalism,andtrytotaptheTranscendentalismembodiedinthought,inordertobroadenpeople'sperspectiveofreadingthenovel.Transcendentalismpromotestheunityofpeople,God,thespiritofnatural,toemphasizethespiritofselfandself-reliance.TheseideasarereflectedintheMarchsisters’growingupandcharacter.Marchsisterstheirownspiritimprovementandstronglymaintaintheself-relianceandself-independentspirit.TranscendentalismgavethecharismatotheMarchsistersandmadethenovelwonthereader'sfavorite.Inaddition,AlcottextendedTranscendentalismtowomenrealityinLittleWomen,anditincreasesthereadabilityofthenovel.

Keywords:

LittleWomen;Transcendentalism;Individualism;Self-reliance

摘要：

美国著名女作家露易莎·梅·奥尔科特的长篇小说<小妇人>充分体现了超验主义思想.这部以美国南北战争为背景的小说包含着复杂的文化情境，可以从多重视角来解读。

本文试图从超验主义视角解读这篇小说，并尽力挖掘该小说中体现的超验主义思想，以拓宽人们阅读该小说的视野。

超验主义宣扬人、神、自然的精神统一，强调精神、自我和自助。

这些思想都在马奇姐妹的性格和成长过程中有所体现。

马奇姐妹具有不同的性格和才华，但都注重自己的精神提高和完善，并极力保持自助和自我独立的精神。

超验主义赋予了马奇姐妹人格魅力，使小说赢得了读者的喜爱。

此外奥尔科特在小说中把超验主义延伸到女性现实，这也增加了小说的可读性。

关键词：

《小妇人》；超验主义；个人主义；自助

毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明

原创性声明

使用授权说明

学位论文原创性声明

本人郑重声明：

所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

ThesisStatement:

ThispaperdiscussestheimportanceoftheTranscendentalisminLittleWomenanditsinfluenceonthemindsofthefourMarchdaughters.

Outline:

Ⅰ.TheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism

A.TheConnotationofTranscendentalism

B.SomeImportantCommentsonTranscendentalism

Ⅱ.TranscendentalisminLittleWomen

A.ABriefLookatthePlotoftheLittleWomen

B.TheReflectionofTranscendentalismthroughtheCharactersinLittleWomen

1.TomboyishJo

2.BeautifulMeg

3.FragileBeth

4.RomanticAmy

5.JohnBrooke

6.Laurenceboy

Ⅲ.TheInfluenceofTranscendentalisminLittleWomenontheFutureLiterature

Ⅳ.Conclusion

ATranscendentalReadingofLittleWomen

Introduction

LouisaMayAlcott,theseconddaughterofAmosBronsonAlcottandAbigail“Abba”MaywasborninGermantown,Pennsy1vaniaonNovember29,1832.Herfamouswork,LittleWomenisanovelwrittenandsetintheAlcottfamilyConcord,Massachusetts.Itwaspublishedintwopartsin1868and1869.Thenovelfollowsthelivesoffoursisters—Meg,Jo,Beth,andAmyMarch—andislooselybasedontheauthor'schildhoodexperienceswithimmediatecommercialandcriticalsuccess,promptingthecompositionofthebook'ssecondparttitledGoodWives,alsoa1880.AlcottfollowedLittleWomenwithtwosequelsreprisingtheMarchsisters,LittleMen（1871）andJo'sBoys（1886）.LittleWomenadaptedtoplay,musical,opera,film,andanimatedfeature.

SomescholarsLittleWomen.Theylayparticularemphasisonself-dependenceandself-disciplineinLittleWomen（许绮，2004：

122）.Fromthestudies,wecanfindoutthatdifferentpersonalitiesreflectdifferentoutlooksonvalueandlife.ThestudiesonlydescribewhatthefemaleimagesinLittleWomen,whilethisthesisistoattemptstoreadthisnovelfromtheperspectiveofTranscendentalism,andtrytotaptheTranscendentalismembodiedinthought,inordertobroadenpeople'sperspectiveofreadingthenovel.

LittleWomentotallyreflectsthespiritsoftranscendentalism.TheMarchsistersinthisnovelweretheclassicreflectionsofself-reliance,individualismandfeminism.

Ⅰ.TheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism

A.TheConnotationofTranscendentalism

ThepublicationofRalphWaldoEmerson's1836essayNatureisusuallytakentobethewatershedmomentatwhichtranscendentalismbecameamajorculturalmovement.EmersonwroteinScholar":

"Wewillwalkonourownfeet;wewillworkwithourown."Emersonclosedtheessaybycallingforarevolutioninconsciousnesstoemergefromthenewidealistphilosophy

Thepracticalaimsofthetranscendentalistswerevaried;someamongthegrouplinkeditwithutopiansocialchangeand,inthecaseofBrownson,itjoinedexplicitlywithearlysocialism,whileothersfounditanexclusivelyindividualandidealistproject.Emersonbelievedthelatter.Insuggestedthatthegoalofapurelytranscendentaloutlookonlifewasimpossibletoattaininpractice.

Bythelate1840s,Emersonbelievedthemovementwasdyingout,especiallyafterthedeathofMargaretFullerin1850."Allthatcanbesaid",Emersonwrote,"isthatsherepresentsaninterestingAmericancultivation".1

NathanielHawthornewroteanovel,TheBlithedaleRomaine（1852）,satirizingthemovement,andbaseditoncommunityfoundedontranscendentalprinciples.EdgarAllanPoeBostonCommon.Heridiculedtheirwritingsinparticularbycallingthem"metaphor-run,"lapsinginto"obscurityforobscurity'ssake"or"mysticismformysticism'ssake."Oneoftranscendentalism,whichthenarratorcallsa"disease".ThestoryspecificallymentionsthemovementanditsflagshipjournalTheDial,thoughPoedeniedthatthepoweroftheindividualanddivinemessages.TheirbeliefsarecloselylinkedwiththoseoftheRomantics.

B.SomeImportantCommentsonTranscendentalism

Transcendentalismisanidealisticphilosophythatingeneralemphasizesthespiritualoverthematerial.Byitsverynature,themovementisintheNewEnglandmanifestation,RalphWaldoEmerson,calledit"thesaturnaliaorexcessoffaith."whichis"popularlycalledtranscendentalismamongus,"1842."2Thatdescriptionmentionstwooftheveryelements,anemphasisuponinterestinvarioustypesofphilosophicalidealism,thatmaketranscendentalismsodifficulttodescribe.

Inactuality,wecannotspeakofawellorganizedandclearlydelineatedtranscendentalistmovementassuch.Instead,wefindalooselyknitgroupofauthors,preachers,andlecturersboundtogetherbyamutualloathingofUnitarianorthodoxy,amutualdesiretoseeAmericanculturalandspirituallifefreedfrombondagetothepast,andamutualfaithintheunboundedpotentialofAmericandemocraticlife.LocatedintheConcord,Massachusetts,areaintheyearsbetween1835and1860,thetranscendentalistsformednotatightgroupbut,rather,aloosefederation.

Thoughamovementsuchastranscendentalismcannotbesaidtowasclearlyitscentralfigure.Thepublicationof1836isgenerallyconsideredtomarkthebeginningofanidentifiablemovement.ThenexttwodecadesweretoseenumerousnewworksfromEmersonandpoems,essays,andbooksfromothertranscendentalistfigures,suchasHenryDavidThoreau,OrestesBronson,AmosBronsonAlcott,MargaretFuller,GeorgeRipley,andTheodoreParker.Neverforminganofficialaffiliation,thesefiguresandothersassociatedwiththembandedtogetherfortheformationofaninformaldiscussiongroupcalledtheTranscendentalClub;thepublicationofthetranscendentalistliteraryandphilosophicaljournal,TheDialandtheestablishmentofanexperimentinutopiancommunalliving,BrookFarm.

Onethingalmostallthoseassociatedwiththemovementdidshare,anythingelse,thisfactthedevelopmentoftranscendentalismanditslaterandlargersignificanceforAmericanculture.ThetranscendentalistsbrokewithUnitarianismfortworeasons.First,theyobjectedtotheUnitariandesiretoclingtocertainparticularsofChristiancalledthisclinginga"noxious"exaggerationof"thepersonal,thepositive,theritual,"and.Andsecond,thetranscendentalistslamentedthesterilityofbeliefandpracticetheyfoundintheUnitarianfaith.

AccordingtoThoreau,itisnotman'ssinbutAdamneedstoexchangeforafreedomtoexperiment:

"olddeedsforoldpeople,andnewdeedsfornew."

Forexample,HenryFord,whooncesaidthatthetranscendentalists'disdainforconventionandtheirexaltationofselfreliantpower,whilebothMahatmaGandhiandMartinLutherKingdrewdeeplyupontheresourcesofThoreau'sfamousessay,CivilDisobedience.

Perhapsevenmoresignificantly,transcendentalismmarkedthefirstsubstantialattemptinAmericanthespiritualexperienceandpotentialoftheChristianfaithwithoutanyofthesubstanceofitsbelief.Byclaiminganessentialinnocenceforman,bysubstitutingadirectintuitionofGodortruthforanyformofrevelation,andbyforeseeingafutureofilldefinedbutcertaingloryfornatureanddestinythatexperienceinthelastLittleWomen

A.ABriefLookatthePlotoftheLittleWomen

AlcottbeginsLittleWomenbyinvokingJohnBunyan’s17thcenturytextThePilgrim’sProgress.Alcott’sexceptsetsthestageforthetoneandthemeoftheeventstocomeinfact,thefirstchapterofLittleWomenisentitledPlayingPilgrim.ItisnocoincidencethatAlcottwouldchooseThePilgrim'sProgressastheworkwhichwouldinfluencethemindsofthefourMarchdaughters.LittleWomenispartlyautobiographical,sinceAlcottafamilyoffourgirls.Moreover,Alcott'sfatherwasfriendswithbothEmersonandThoreau,whichundoubtedlyimpactedyoungLouisaMay.HerexposuretosuchworksasThePilgrim'sProgresswasaresultoftheirold-fashionedNewEnglandlivedwithMrs.March,theirbriskandcheerymother,whoalways-I-armychaplainintheCivilWar,andinofthefamily.Toaddtotheirslenderincome,shewenteverydaytoreadtoAuntMarch,apepperyoldlady;andMeg,too,earnedasmallsalaryasdailynurserygovernesstoneighbor'schildren.

Inthebig,Mr.Laurence,and,ajolly,chummyboycalledLaurie.Thoughawe-inspiringatfirst,Mr.Laurenceprovedbothkindlyandgenerous,andeventimidBethmusteredup