英文临床病历攻略.docx

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英文临床病历攻略.docx

英文临床病历攻略

英文病历全攻略

一、主要調查項目:

1.主訴chiefcomplaint:

weakness,malaise,chills,fever,sleep,pain,headache,appetite,weight,stomachandbowels,nauseaandvomiting,diarrhea,urine,genitalia,neuropsychiatricdisorders,respiration,shortnessofbreath,bleedingordischarge,etc.

2.現症歷presentillness:

onset(date,mode),durationbeforepresententry,excitingcauseandenvironmentalinfluences,prodromalsymptoms,generalsymptoms,courseorprogress(location,duration,severity,continuity,intermission,radiation,treatment),aggravatingandalleviatingfactors,lossofweight,appetiteandstrength,sleep,bowelmovement,frequencyofurination,menstruation,etc.

3.既往歷pasthistory:

1)formerplacesofresidence,previousstageofhealth(健壯的robust,纖弱的delicate),experiencewithsimilardisease,immunitytoinfectiousdisease

2)previousillness:

麻疹measles,腮腺炎mumps,水痘chicken-pox,百日咳pertussis,流行性感冒influenza,猩紅熱scarletfever,白喉diphtheria,傷寒typhoidfever,支氣管炎bronchitis,肺炎pneumonia,腦炎encephalitis,腦膜炎meningitis,破傷風tetanus,小兒麻痺poliomyelitis,赤痢dysentery,霍亂cholera,胸膜炎pleurisy,天花small-pox,瘧疾malaria,結核病tuberculosis,黃疸病jaundice,過敏性反應allergy,etc

3)venerealdisease:

specificsymptoms,signs,andthediseasebyname,treatment.

4)Accidents(date,anydisability,sequelae),operationandhospitalization(date,procedure,nameofhospital,physician,complications,bleedingtendency)

4.家族歷familyhistory:

familytendency,presenceofhereditarydisorders,cancer,tuberculosis,mentaldisorderandnervousaffection,rheumatism,diabetes,hypertension,cerebralvascularaccident,hemophilia,syphilis,tumor,epilespsy,allergy,contactwithdiseasedindividuals,relationshipofpatient’schildhoodandadultlife,age,healthcondition,andcauseofdeathofparents,grandparents,self,spouse,siblings,orrelatives.

5.個人歷personalhistory:

1)Socialhistory:

fears,metalstatus,education,financialcondition,numberofdependents,familyharmonyorfractious,hygienicconditionathome

2)Maritalhistory:

durationofmarriage,1stor2ndmarriage,ageanddeathofspouseandchildren,causeandageattimeofdeath,numberofchildren,pregnancies,流產次數miscarriages,死產數stillbirths

3)occupationalhistory:

durationofemployment,pastwork,exactnatureofwork,exposuretooccupationalhazards,whetherworkissatisfactoryornot.

4)Habits:

alcohol,tobacco,narcotic,coffee,tea,appetite,foodhabits,regularityofmeals,rapidityofeating,bowelmovements,sleep,exercise,interests,etc.

6.系統檢查systemreview:

1)General:

nutrition,fever,nightsweats,tremor,weightgainorloss,weakness,allergy.

2)Skin:

蕁蔴疹hives,rash,eczema

3)Head:

trauma,headache,lossofhair

4)Eyes:

vision,painglassesdiplopia.

5)Ears:

pain,discharge,deafness,tinnitus.

6)Nose:

obstruction,discharge,epistaxis,rhinitis.

7)Mouth:

teeth,lips,gums,tongue,disturbanceintaste.

8)Throat.:

sorethroat,tonsillitis,膿性扁桃腺炎quinsy,dysphagia

9)Neck:

adenitis,goiter,rigidity

10)Cardiorespiratory:

palpitation,tachycardia,bloodpressure,chestpain,dyspnea,cough,hemoptysis,seasonalcold,expectoration.

11)Gastrointestinal:

appetite,nausea,vomiting,distress(beforeoraftermeals),melena,colic,jaundice,fullness,hernia,hemorrhoid,constipation,diarrhea,frequencyofbowelmovement,heartburn,idiosyncrasies,relationofsymptomstoeating,typeandquantityoffood

12)Genito-urinary:

dysuria,urinaryfrequency,dribbling,hematuria,pyuria,nocturiaandvolume,enuresis,incontinence,soresaboutexternalgenitalia,symptomssuggestiveofsyphilis(mucouspatches,fallinghair),urethraldischarge,exposuretovenerealinfection,obstetrichistory,catamenia(ageofonset,dateoflastperiod,cycleandamount,periodicity,dysmenorrheal,menopause)leucorrhea,associatedheadache

13)Neuromuscular:

神經過敏nervousness,emotionalstress,weakness,muscleorjointpains,convulsion,numbness,neuralgia,anesthesia,muscularatrophiesordysatrophies,deformities.

二、病歷與時態

1.現症歷(presentillness):

1)A.現在式:

表示一般的真理、職業、人格、習慣和現在的事實、動作或狀態。

例1:

Sedentaryhabitsofteninterferewithhealth

例2:

Heismentallyderangedanddisorientedastotime,place,andperson

例3:

Hegetsupat6everymorning.

B.現在進行式(Be+pres.p.)表示現在某動作正在進行中。

例1:

Bothhisparentsarestilllivingandwell.

例2:

Thepatientsisgettingworseandworse.

例3:

Thepatientsisprogressivelydoingwell.

C.表「經常的習慣」也用進行式,通常與always,constantly等副詞連用。

例1:

Heisalwaystakinganapinclass.

例2:

Heisconstantlyforgettingpeoples’names.

例3:

Heisforevercomplainingofheadaches.

D.通常不用進行式的動詞。

a)不隨意動詞(Verbsofinvoluntaryactions):

-知覺(perception):

feel,hear,notice,see,smell等。

例1:

Wheneverhehasacold,hecanneithertastenorsmell.

-知識(knowledge):

believe,(dis)agree,doubt,find,forget,know,mind,remember,think,understand等。

例1:

Shedoesnotrememberspecificscratcheswhichmighthaveprecededthepresentlesions.

-感情(emotion):

desire,despise,disgust,fear,hate,hope,(dis)like,love,prefer,want等。

例1:

Helikeslobster,butitdisagreeswithhim.

b)表示繼續狀態的動詞(Verbsofcontinuousstate):

表示存在、所有等動

詞:

appear,be,belong,consist,flow,have,hold,live,look,possess,resemble,seem等。

例1:

Herfingersandhandsarestiffandcyanotic.

例2:

Hehasnodiscomfortandeatswell.

2)A.現在完成式(Have+p.p)

a)表示動作的完了(completionofanaction)或其結果的現在狀態(presentstateofthings):

例1:

Thepatienthaspassedthecrisis.=Thepatientisoutofdangernow.

例2:

Hehascaughtcold.=Hehasacoldnow.

註:

常用的連用副詞為:

allthiswhile,(not)yet,already,just,now,bythistime,today,thisweek(ormonth,year,etc.),hitherto,tillnow,upto(till)now,recently,lately,oflate等。

比較:

過去式僅表示過去的動作狀態;現在完成式則以表示現在為主。

例1:

Hehadnoappetiteforfood.(過去式)→表示過去某時有過食慾不振

例2:

Latelyhehadhadnoappetiteforfood.(現在完成式)→表示現在仍然胃口不佳。

b)表示截至現在為止的經驗(experience):

例1:

Hehasseldomconsultedadoctorinhislife.

例2:

Hehasneverbeentreatedbyadoctorsincehewasborn.

註:

表示經驗時,常用的副詞為:

ever,before,once,manytimes,(very)often,seldom,sometimes,inone’stime等副詞。

比較:

同一動詞有時表示完了,有時表示經驗,視其所連用的副詞而決定。

例1:

Hehasjustundergoneanephrectomy.→表示動作完了。

例2:

Hehasundergoneanephrectomyonce.→表示經驗。

c)表示截至現在為止的動作或狀態的繼續(continuance)

例1:

Hehasbeendeafintheleftearsincetheageof18andhasexperiencedslightdizzinessonstooping.

例2:

Exceptfroaslightlossofenergy,hehasalwaysfeltwell.

例3:

Forthepast10yearshehashadpersistentandhigh-pitchedtinnitusinhisleftear,consistingabuzzingsensationand,occasionally,thesoundsofbells.

註:

常用的連用副詞為:

since,always,from,for,these,howlong?

B.現在完成進行式(Havebeen+~ing)

a)表示以前開始的動作繼續到現在的狀態:

例1:

Hecamehere2weeksago,andhasbeenlyingsickwithacoldsincethen.

例2:

Thepatienthasrecentlyhadexperienceofmemorylossandofspellsofdizziness.Forthepreceding5yearsshehasbeenreceivingtreatmentforhypertension.

b)表示「習慣」:

例1:

Thepatienthasbeensmokingexcessively.

例2:

Shehasbeenchewingawadofbubblegumallday.

註:

常用的連用副詞為:

since,for,howlong?

these,form,always等。

比較:

例1:

Hehasbeenlearningmedicinefor5years.(繼續)

例2:

Hehaslearnedmedicinefor5years.(經驗)

2.既往歷(pasthistory):

大半用過去式,但發生過去某一定時間以前者,宜用過去完成式;如果疾病發生的前後關係甚明顯,或以年代順序記載時,仍可用過去式。

1)A.過去式:

用以表示過去的動作、狀態、習慣等且與現在的情形毫無關聯。

a)發生於過去某時者:

例1:

Anunknownnumberofyearsagohewassaidtohavepneumonia.

例2:

Inadditiontotheabovesymptoms,henotedsomevagueabdominalpainforacoupleofmonthsinthepast.

例3:

Atthattimeshehadaslightnonproductivecoughandmildexertionaldyspnea.

例4:

Beforetherapy,shewasunabletoswallowanythingbutsmallsipsofwater.

b)過去某時以後的狀態:

例1:

Inthepreviousmonthshenoticedthatthestoolsweregreatlyflattened.Subsequentlyshebecameawareofabearing-downpaintherectum.

例2:

Menarcheoccurredatage13,thereaftermenseswereregular,every28days,lasting3to4dayseachtime.

例3:

Thepatienthadtinnitusinhisleftear10yearsbeforebeingdischargedforthemilitaryservice.Severalyearlater,henotedlossofhearingontheleft.

例4:

InJune1956,asterilizingoperationwasperformedatahospital.Fortheensuing5monthsthepatientwastroubledwithintermittentattacksofvagueabdominalpain.

例5:

Twoyearsafterthisepisodeshehadoneshortattackofvertigobuthasbeenattack-freefor2years.

註1:

過去式常用的連用副詞:

ago,lastnight,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,thismorning,justnow等。

註2:

現在完成和過去兩者都可用的連用副詞:

just,ever,lately,recently,

once,always,already,thismorning,today,everynight,thisweek,thesefewdays,forthelastfewdays,sincelastweek,before,yet等。

B.表示過去的習慣時,須用usedto,was(were)accustomedto~或hadthehabitto~等。

用would來表示過去的習慣時,大抵與often,sometimes等副詞連用。

例1:

Heusedtoworkfarintothenight.

例2:

Hewouldsometimescomehomedrunk,andbeathiswife.

C.過去進行式(Be動詞的過去式+pres.p.):

表示在過去某一時間正在進行的動作:

例1:

Onesisterwassufferingfromactivetuberculosis.

例2:

Hewashavingmildsymptomsoffeverandnauseaatthetimehewasseen.

例3:

Hewasraisinglargeamountsofpurulentsputumatthattime.

D.過去完成式(Had+p.p.):

表示截至過去某一時間為止的動作的完了、經驗、繼續等。

a)完了(completion):

例1:

Thepatienthadalreadyexpiredwhenhecame.

例2:

Bythattimehehadimmunizedagainstsmallpox.

連用副詞:

already,bythattime,(not)yet,onlyjust等。

b)經驗(experience):

例1:

Tillthenhehadneverseenso-calledbone-setter.

例2:

Hecouldnotrepeatwhathehadsaidbefore.

c)繼續(continuance):

例1:

Hehadlongbeenillinbed.

例2:

Hehadbeenillinbedforalongtime.

E.過去完成進行式(Hadbeen+pres.p.):

表示繼續過去某一時間的動作。

例1:

Uptothattime,hehadbeendrinkingmushwine.

例2:

Duetoherincreasingconstipation,shehadbeentakinglaxativesdailyforoneyearbeforeadmission.

比較:

例1:

Iwassleepingwhenhecame.(過去進行式)

例2:

Ihadbeensleepingforanhourbeforehecame.(過去完成進行式)

三、家族歷

1.家族無~病:

例1:

Thereisnofamilyhisto

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