环境艺术设计毕业设计外文翻译绿色基础设施景观规划.docx

环境艺术设计毕业设计外文翻译绿色基础设施景观规划.docx

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环境艺术设计毕业设计外文翻译绿色基础设施景观规划

绿色基础设施景观规划：

整合人类与自然系统

GreenInfrastructureforLandscapePlanning:

Integratinghumanandnaturalsystems

ChapterTwelve

Stockholm:

greeninfrastructurecasestudy

Context

ThecityandcountyofStockholmdemonstratetheplanningandimplementation

ofgreeninfrastructureadvocatedinthisbook.Thecityislocatedapproximately

atlatitude59°NinsoutheastSweden（Figure12.1）withinanastoundingly

complexconfigurationofislands,coastline,freshwaterlakesandsaltwater

estuariesontheBalticSea（Figure12.2）.

AbouthalfoftheCountyofStockholmiscomposedofprimarilyfertile

coniferousforest,butdeciduousforestsalsooccurhere.Forestedlandandthe

amountofprotectedforestisincreasinginthecountyattheexpenseof

agriculture,buttherateofincreaseisinsufficienttoprotectbiological

diversity.1Withinthecitythereareeightnaturalareas,includingnatureand

culturalreservesandanurbannationalpark,withatotalareaof5,680acres

（2,299ha）.Ofthis828acres（335ha）iswaterand4,855acres（1,965ha）is

land.

332

Thebuiltenvironment

LikemanyEuropeancities,Stockholmwasinitiallylocatedtobe

geographicallydefensible.ConstrainedbytheareaofasmallislandinLake

Mälaren,thecitywascompactlydevelopedwithmultistorybuildings,narrow

streetsandlittlenaturalopenspace.Asthecityexpanded,especiallyafter

WorldWarII,growthfollowedtheroadalignments.

Today,872,000peopleliveintheStockholmcityareaof73squaremiles

（188km2）.Developmentwithinthecityiscompactsincenearly90percentof

residentsliveinmulti-familybuildings（Figure12.3）.Theresultingpopulation

densityis11,944inhabitantspersquaremile（4,638perkm2）.Theregionis

increasinglypolycentricandgrowingwiththeadditionof20,000peopleper

year.2Thepopulationofthemetropolitanareaisnow2,050,000.3Thesections

belowconsiderthemunicipalandregionalscale,beforefocusingonarecently

developedurbaninfilldistrictnearthecitycenter.

Inacompetitiveprocess,StockholmwasdesignatedthefirstGreenCapitalof

Europein2010.TheGreenCapitalcompetitionassessesmanyfactorsof

sustainability,whichisbroaderthantheconsiderationofgreeninfrastructure,

butmanyfactorsoverlap,ofcourse.Ofparticularinteresthereistheregional,

municipalandneighborhoodgreeninfrastructurethatsupportsmultipleuses.

333

Figure12.1Stockholmlocationmap.

Figure12.2PhysiographyoftheStockholmregion.Photo59°19'44.15"N,18°3'53.68"E,

12September2007（accessed15April2013）byGoogleEarth.

334

Figure12.3Stockholmurbancore.Photo59o19'21.92"N18o04'26.36"E,12September

2007（accessed15April2013）byGoogleEarth.

335

Regionalsystem

Greenwedges

Theconceptofaregionalgreeninfrastructurewasarticulatedinthe1930s.

Alternatingfingersofnaturallandscapeandhumanhabitationwith

transportationinfrastructurewasadoptedasageneralplanningprinciple

（Figure12.4）.Traditionally,Swedishfarmsteadsandvillageswereconstructed

onhighgroundorbenchesaboveariverorstream.Thefloodplainand

agriculturalfieldslaybetweenthewatercourseandthesettlement.Itisoftenthis

floodplainandoldagriculturalfieldsorpasturesthatformthespinesofthe

greenwedgesflankedbythesettlementsandtheroadsthatconnectthem.4

Voluntarycomprehensiveplanningofgreenwedgesandthenlegallybinding

detaileddevelopmentplansforcitiesandtownswereinplaceby1998.

Stockholmadoptedanurbaninfillplanin1999andin2001theCountyof

Stockholmadoptedaspatial,greenwedgeregionaldevelopmentplan,which

wasupdatedin2010.2

Thesedecisionsresultedinaradialregionalplanwithwedgesofcontinuous

greeninfrastructurethathadsignificantbiodiversityvaluewhilebeingcloseto

residentialdistricts.Theplanfeaturestenlongcorridorsofagriculture,forest

andhabitatatleast1,640feet（500m）wide（Figure12.4）.Thesecorridors

connecthugenaturalpreservesoutsidethecityandareessentialtothehigh

biodiversitynearthecitycenter.EcologistsinStockholmfoundthathabitat

areasof740acressupportedtheneedsofmostnativespecies,particularly

whentheareawasmorecompact,ratherthanlinearinshape.Thewidthsof

ecologicalcorridorsarevariableaccordingtothetargetspecies,buta0.3mile

（0.5km）widthisdefinedbytheregionaldevelopmentplanastheminimumto

accommodatebothwildlifeandrecreationuses.Therearemanyexistingareas

withinthegreenwedgesthatarelesswidethantherecommendation,

particularlynearthecitycenter.Theseareidentifiedandlabeledasoneofthree

categoriesofweakpointswheremorecarefulplanningistotakeplacetoavoid

furthererosionandwheremitigationmeasuresaretobeundertaken.Infact,a

detailedstudyidentifiedallofthecorridorbreaksandbarriersasafirststep

towardmitigation.Planningdocumentsalsostressthealmostinsurmountable

obstaclestodispersalofsomespeciesthatbusyhighwayspresent.5

336

Figure12.4Thegreenwedgesareshownascorehabitat（darkgreen）,secondaryhabitat

（lightgreen）andlargerecreationandnaturalareas（orange）withintheurban（white）and

aquatic（blue）matrix.2

Humanuseofthegreenwedges（Figure12.5）isasimportantasthe

biodiversitybenefits.Forexample,theNationalUrbanParkinStockholm

receives15millionvisitorseachyear.6Tofosterpublicuseofthisandother

greenareas,43publictransitstationshavebeendesignatedasgreenstations.

Thesearetransitstopswherecitizenscanwalk984–1640feet（300–500m）to

reachagreenwedge.Majorgreentransitstationsfeatureinformationaboutthe

adjacentnaturalresource.5

337

Figure12.5Socialareasandrecreationusearemajorcomponentsofthegreen

infrastructureandthisareaoftheNationalUrbanPark.

Thegreenwedgesarebeingincreasinglycodified.In2003thecountymade

thecommitmenttoadd71newnaturereservesand28studyareas.By201236

ofthesewererealized.Thisofficialprotection,ratherthanplanningguidelines,

assuresthaturbangrowthwillfollowtheexistingroadsandraillinesrather

thansprawlingintothelandscapeinfrastructure.

TheNationalUrbanPark

Stockholmestablishedtheworld’sfirsturbannationalparkin1995（Figure

12.6）.Theparkispartofoneoftheregionalgreenwedgesandthelargestpark

withinthecitylimits.Italsoextendsintotwoothermunicipalities.Inthe

Europeantradition,the6,670-acreparkisamixtureofculturalfacilities,such

asmuseums,recreationareasandprotectedwildlifehabitat.

InitiallytheParliamentdefinedtheareaasoneofnaturalinterest.Thecoreof

theparkwasinheritedfromroyalhuntinggroundsofthepreviouscenturies.The

municipalitiesweregivenplanningauthoritytofosterdemocraticparticipation

butsecretnegotiationsbetweenprivateconstructioncompaniesand

municipalitiesregardingdevelopmentofpubliclandbeforetheinitiationof

publicprocessesresultedinthedevelopmentofhundredsofacreswithinthe

nationalinterestareaboundary.Thecontroversygeneratedbythispracticeled

338

tocitizenplanningeffortsandpetitionsorganizedbynon-governmental

organizationsandsupportedbythemedia.Withtheprospectofalargeroad

infrastructureprojectthatwouldhavedamagedthearea,theNationalParliament

votedunanimouslyinlate1994toestablishtheNationalUrbanPark.Theact

tookeffectin1995andspecifiedmoreclearboundaries（Figure12.6）,purposes

andprotections.7

Figure12.6PlanviewoftheStockholmNationalUrbanPark.Photo59°23'34.56"N,

18°01'28.84"E,3April2012（accessed15April2013）byGoogleEarth.

Developmentofnewbuildingsandroadswasnotprohibitedbytheact,but

developmentisnotpermittedifitnegativelyimpactsanyofthethreepurposes

ofthepark—cultural,recreationalandenvironmental.Existingbuildingscan

beexpandediftheydonotimpactthepark.Incontrast,facilitatesinsupportof

parkpurposesweretobedevelopedandprotectedwithintheparkboundaries.

Figure12.6showsthattheparkboundaryenclosestwocoreareasanda

corridorthroughtheurbandevelopment.7

Publicagenciesarefocusedonstrengtheningtheecologicalconnections

diminishedbeforetheparkwascreated8andonthedevelopmentplansforthe

industrialandportareatotheeastofthepark.

Ecologyandthegreenwedges

339

Intheinitialstagesofplanningthegreenwedges,ecologistsstudiednative

forestspeciesinneedofconservationattentiontodeterminewhetherthegreen

wedgeshadthecapacitytosustainthem.Somespeciesaredifficulttosustainin

growingurbandistrictsduetolargeterritoryrequirements,largecorearea

requirements,specializedhabitatneeds,smallorscatteredpopulationsorlow

dispersalrates.Specieswithoneormoreofthesecharacteristicsareespecially

vulnerabletothehabitatfragmentationanddegradationthataccompanies

urbanization.Twoofthebirdspeciesinthestudy（nutcrackerandthehoney

buzzard）havespecializedhabitatrequirementsassociatedwithcertainspecies

ofshrubsandtrees,andbothhadlowandscatteredpopulations.Inthestudy

area,forestclearing,removalofmaturetreesandconversionofdeciduous

foresttoconiferousforestwerethemostseriousthreatstothestudyspecies.9

Thesixbirdspeciesincludedinthestudywerehoneybuzzard（Pernis

apivorus）,goshawk（Accipitergentilis）,stockdove（Columbaoenas）,black

woodpecker（Dryocopusmartius）,lesserspottedwoodpecker（Dendrocopos

minor）andnutcracker（Nucifragacaryocatactes）.Thestudyfoundthatthesize

oftheavailablehabitat,andthetypeanddegreeofc