考研英语一真题及答案.docx

考研英语一真题及答案.docx

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考研英语一真题及答案

2020年考研英语

（一）真题及参考答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingthebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET（10points）

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphones_2_onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize,_3_yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou_4_cantfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5_tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourselfwell_6_atrail,butnotinacompletely_7_area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:

Which_8_isdownhill,inthisparticularareaAndwhereisthenearestwatersourceHumansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffresh,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould_10_seesignsofpeople

Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe_11_howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another_12_Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanindensefores,youshouldbeableto_14_gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve_15_thetowardthese_16_tofindawaymightcanthehorizonfor_17_lightsourcessuchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

：

_18_,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe_19_weleaveontheblazestireotherfeaturescan_20_youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some[B]Most [C]Few [D]All

2.[A]put[B]take [C]run [D]come

3.[A]Since [B]If [C]Though[D]until

4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C]gradually [D]literally

5.[A]back [B]next[C]around[D]away

6.[A]onto [B]off [C]across[D]alone

]

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site[B]point [C]way [D]place

9.[A]So [B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

lO.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly [D]eventually

11.[A]surprised [B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

12.[A]problem [B]option [C]view[D]result

13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage [D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate

;

15.[A]form [B]through [C]beyond[D]Under

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades [D]breaks

17.[A]artificial [B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally [D]Generally

19.[A]memories [B]marks [C]notes[D]belongings

20.[A]restrict[B]adopt [C]lead [D]expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

）

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts,AnswerthequestionseachtextbychoosingAorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET（40points）

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.

Startingnextguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed1oyearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationformainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

$

“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedtheBankofEngland'stopquotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandnoteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirmseffortstoinvestinlone-termresearchortobuildupcustomerhasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism”.

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpayTheWallstreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders,Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformancenotjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

toParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe

|

bankers'senseofresponsibility

Bhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

anewsystemoffinancialregulation

thebonusesoftopexecutives

Marshallisquotedtoindicate

conditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

impatienceindecision-making

solidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

>

D."short-termism"ineconomicactivities

isarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

Dtemporary

USandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate

obstaclestopreventing"short-termism.

significanceorlongtermthinking.

approachestopromotinglong-termism.

prevalenceofshort-termthinking.

\

ofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

ofQuarterlyCapitalism

asaCorporateVirtue

RequiredofTopExecutives

ofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobeanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalledgradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

》

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgradationthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgradationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Untimely."saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar."weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaspublicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoreanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhigherstudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltotumoutgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartothis,students'andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.

iscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation

changeofcoursecatalogs.

<

indifferencetoGPAS.

CCollegesneglectofGPAS.

influenceofconsumerculture.

wastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness

helpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

maintaincollegesgraduationrates.

preparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

increaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.

·

toParagraphforgivenessenablescolleges

morefinancialsupport.

theirstudentenrollments.

theirteachingquality.

localgovernments’needs.

doesthephrase“tobealigned”（Lineprobablymean

counterbalanceeachother

complementeachother.

>

beidenticalwitheachother

becontradictorytoeachother.

authorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

Aassessingitsfeasibility

thecausesbehindit.

differentviewsonit.

itslong-runeffects

|

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein,ModemPrometheusbyMarybeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanychicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence（An）raisesfundamentalquestions:

"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousnesswhatmakeshumanshumansWhatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthinkcontinuestoevadehumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTvseriessuchas"Westworldand"Humans".

Justhowpeoplethinkisstill