国际商务英语复习笔记doc.docx

国际商务英语复习笔记doc.docx

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国际商务英语复习笔记国际商务英语复习笔记docLIInternationalBusiness1.商务知识1.1majordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessA.differencesinlegalsystemB.differencesincurrenciesC.differencesinculturalbackgroundD.differencesinnaturalandeconomicconditions1.2majortypesofinternationalbusinessA.tradeA.commodity（visible）tradeB.service（invisible）tradeB.investmenta.foreigndirectinvestment（FDI）b.portfolioinvestmentstocks,bondsorcertificatesofdepositsC.othertypesa.licensing（highcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarrier,strongintellectualpropertyprotection）franchising（hotelandrestaurantbusiness）Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicenser,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresuppoortforthefranchisee.b.managementcontractandcontractmanufacturingc.turnkeyprojectandBOTL2IncomeLevelandtheWorldMarket1.商务知识1.1GDPandGNPA.GDPmarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.B.GNPmarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.1.2percapitaincomeandpercapitaGDP1.3highincome,middleincomeandlowincomecountriesA.H:

annualpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove;1）.OECD;2）.richoilproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast;3）.small-industrializedcountriesorregions;B.M:

annualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765;1）.mostEastEuropeancountries;2）.mostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates;3）.6OECDcountries;4）.quiteanumberofLatinAmericacountries;5）.someAsiancountries;6）.SouthAfrica,Libya,NigeriaandAlgeria;C.L:

annualpercapitaincomeof$765andbelow;1）.mostAfricancountries;2）.someAsiancountries;3）.afewLatinAmericancountries;1.4TriadandQuada.Triad:

US,WesternEuropeandJapanb.Quad:

TriadandCanada1.5otherimportantmarketsforChinatheFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandAustraliaL3RegionalEconomicIntegration1商务知识A.majorobjectivesofregionalintegrationTobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources.B.Fourlevelsofregionaleconomicintegration1）freetradeareaAbsencetradebarriers;theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement（NAFTA,formedbyUS,CanadaandMexico）;2）customsunionabsencetradebarriers;practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;SouthernConeCustomsUnion（Mercosur,formedbyArgentina,Brazil,ParaguayandUruguayin1991）;3）commonmarketabsencetradebarriers;practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;freeproductionfactormobility;theEuropeanCommunity（1967-1994,becameatruecommonmarketin1992）;4）economicunionabsencetradebarriers;practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;freeproductionfactormobility;integrationofthedomesticpolicies;EuropeanUnion;C.EuropeanUnion（EU）1.1historytheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity（ECSC,1952）;theTreatyofRome（1957,signedbyFrance,Germany,ItalyandtheBeneluxcountries）;theEuropeanEconomicCommunity（EEC,1957967）;theEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity（EURATOM,1957-1967）;theEuropeanCommunity（formedbymergingECSC,EECandEURATOM,1967-1994）;theSingleEuropeanAct（1992）;theMaastrichtTreaty（1994）;theEuropeanUnion（1994-）;1.2structuretheEuropeanCommission（executivebody）;theCouncilofMinisters（decisionmaking）;theEuropeanParliament（membershipapplicationandtradeagreementapproval）;D.Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation（APEC,has21members）A.theSeoulDeclaration（1991）;B.afive-layerorganizationalstructure:

theInformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders（China,2001）;theDual-MinisterialMeeting;theMeetingforMinistersResponsibleforTrade;theSeniorOfficialsMeeting（SOM）;CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSubcommitteeofSOM,andBudgetManagementCommittee（foursubordinatecommitteesunderSOM）;C.objectives:

tradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation（TILF）andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation（ECOTECH）;E.OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries（OPEC,13members,1960,Vienna）L4EconomicGlobalization1.商务知识A.economicglobalizationasanobjectivetrenda.basicfeature:

freeflowofcommodity,capital,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation;b.advantagesandnegativeimpacts1.1advantages:

1）.givingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopment;2）,makingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive;1.2disadvantage:

makingcountriesmorevulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrosstheglobe;B.multinationalcorporationsA.organization:

parentMNCandaffiliateMNCB.characteristics:

1）.enormoussize;2）.widegeographicalspread;3）.longevityandrapidgrowth;C.twobasicneeds:

profitandsecurity;D.roles:

asvehiclesforcross-bordertransferofresources;E.fourtypesA.multi-domesticcorporation（decentralized）;B.globalcorporation（powerandresponsibilityconcentratedattheheadquarters）;C.transnationalcorporation（integratedinanindependentnetworkofaffiliates）;D.worldcompany（internationalized）L5InternationalTrade

（1）1.商务知识A.thedefintionofinternationaltradetheexchageofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanoothe匸B.tworeasonsforinternationaltradea.theunevendistributionofnaturalresourcesamongcountriesb.internationalspecializationC.twotheoriesforinternationalspecializationA.thetheoryofabsoluteadvantageacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources.B.thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage1.1contentsofthetheoryevenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.1.2notastaticconceptAcountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactions.1.3thecornerstoneofmodemthinkingoninternationaltrade1.4DavidRicardo,theeconomistwhointroducedthetheoryL6InternationalTrade

（2）1.商务知识1）otherbasesfortradeamongcountriesA.patternsofdemandB.economyofscaleC.innovationorstyle2）thereasonswhycompletespecializtionmayneveroccurA.strategicordomesticreasonsB.transportcostC.protectionistmeasures3）tariffbarriersthemostcommonformoftraderestrictionataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea.A.exportduty（taxleviedongoodsleavinganarea）B.importduty（taxleviedongoodsenteringanarea）A.specificdutyB.advaloremdutyC.compounddutyC.drawback:

dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarereturnedifthegoodsarereexported.D.MFNtreatment:

atarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.4）quotasthemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriersinquantityorvalumeterms,onacountryorglobalbasis,unilaterallyorbenegotiatedonvoluntarybasis5）invisibletrade1.1transportationserviceacrossnationalboundariesmaritimeshipsisthemostimportantmeans（GreeceandNorwayhavelargemaritimefleets）1.2insurance（LloydsofLondonisaleadingexporterofthisservice）1.3tourism1.4immigrantremittance:

themoneysentbacktohomecountriesbypeopleworkinginaforeignlandL7Incoterms20001.商务知识A.theneseeityandpurposeofhavingIncotermsA.toeliminateanyofmisunderstandingandsubsequentdispute;B.toprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.B.thereasonsforthe2000revisionofIncotermsA.spreadofcustoms-freezonesB.changesintransportationpracticesC.increaseduseofelectroniccommunicationC.thefourgroupsofInsotermsa.GroupE:

thesellermakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyeratthesellersownpremises;EXW（ExWorks）;b.GroupF:

theselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstocarrierappoinedbythebuyer;FCA（Freecarrier）;FAS（FreeAlongsideShip）;FOB（FreeOnBoard）;c.GroupC:

thesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch;CFR（CostandFreight）;CIF（Cost,InsuranceandFreight）;CPT（CarriagePaidTo）;CIP（CarriageandInsurancePaidto）;d.GroupD:

thesellerhasbearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstothecountryofdestination;DAF（DeliveredAtFrontier）;DES（DeliveredExShip）;DEQ（DeliveredExQuay）;DDU（DeliveredDutyUnpaid）;DDP（DeliveredDutyPaid）D.thethreemostcommonlyusedterms1.FOB（freeonboard）2.CFR（costandfreight）3.CIF（cost,insuranceandfreight）E.chandgestosomeareasthecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA;L8BusinessContract1.商务知识A.thedefinitionofthecontractanagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantparties.B.twotypesofbusinessnegotiation:

oralandwrittenC.processofnegotiationandconclusionofthecontractA.inquiry（enquiry）afirstenquiryshouldcontent:

1）.howthenameandaddressoftheexporterhavebeenabtained;2）.thebusinesslineandusualpracticeoftheimporter;B.quotationafirmoffershouldmadeof:

1）.thetimeofshipmentandthemodeofpaymentdesired;2）.anexactdescriptionofthegoods;3）.thevalidityperiod;C.offerandacceptanceD.counter-offeracounter-offermaybemadeinrelationto:

1）.price;2）.termsofpayment;3）.timeofshipment;or4）.othertermsandconditionsoftheoffer;D.thenecessityofthewrittencontract:

1）.astheproofoftheagreement;2）.asthebasisforitsexecution.E.thetypesofcontracts1.1salescontract1.2purchasecontract1.3sales（orpurchase）confirmation（lessdetailedthanacontract）F.thesettingofacontractA.thetitle:

1）.thetypeofthecontract;2）.thenumberofthecontract;3）.thedate;B.thecontractproperA.thenameandaddressofthebuyerandthesellerB.thedetailsofthecommoditytransactionC.thetermsandconditionsmutuallyagreedD.indica