高考语法.docx

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高考语法

高中语法

一、名词

1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题:

名词的数:

单数、复数和不可数;

名词的格:

通格和属格(’s)

名词的限定:

特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或

其它限定词,例如:

some,many,this,my等

2、名词的数和单位词:

1)复型名词+复数动词

Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair.

备用词:

shoes,stockings,glasses,socks

NOTICE:

Apairofglassescostsquitealot.

2)复型名词+单数动词

A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying.

备用词:

mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,theUnitedStates

B.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.

备用词:

fivepounds,twofeet,sixweeks

3)集合名词+复数名词

Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding.

Cattlearesellingforrecordprice(创记录).

备用词:

theenemy,(the)people

NOTICE:

表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用,

但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:

Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme.

Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostis

smallerthanitusedtobe.

4)不可数名词作可数的情况

A.部分不可数名词可以有下列情况

a(an)+adj.+n.

Itlookslikerain.athirstyforknowledge(求知欲)

aheavyrainHehasagoodknowledgeofpolitics.

备用词:

snow,breakfast,wine,oil,education

B.口语特例(特定场合)

A(One)beer,please.

Twoteasandfourcoffees,please.

5)既是可数又是不可数的名词

Ibrokeaglassthismorning.(杯子)

Glassismadefromsand.(玻璃)

备用词:

paper/apaper,light(光)/alight(灯);

ice(冰)/anice(冰激凌),chicken(鸡肉)/achicken(雏鸡)

6)单位词

A.个数

apieceofinformation(furniture,advice…)

B.以形状表示个数

agrainofrice,aflightofstairs

C.容量

aboxofmatches,acupoftea

D.计量

ametreofcloth,atonofcoal

E.其它

a(new)setoftools(wires,teeth,rules)

3、名词的格:

1)’s的用法

A.与时间有关的名词

anight’ssleeptenminutes’walk

NOTICE:

atwo-hourwalk=twohours’walk

B.和else连用

bookcanthisbe?

A.Whoelse’sB.Whoseelse

C.Who’selseD.Whoseelse’s(A)

C.‘s修饰的词,如果前面提到,可省略

ThisisJack’sbook,notTom’s.

ThisbookisJack’snotTom’s.

D.表示店、铺、家、诊所等,‘s后面的名词省略

attheGreen’s(house),atthedoctor’s(office)

2)OF结构表示所有关系

A.无生命的名词用of

thepriceofthesuccess

B.有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of

Can’tyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou?

3)双重所有格

‘s与of结构并用,此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a,an,two,some,that等

MissSmithisafriendofMary’smother’s.

thatbrotherofthegirl

4)名词+名词(名词用作形容词)

A.单数名词+名词  ashoe(flower)shopticketoffice

NOTICE:

thetailor’s(shop)

B.复数名词 + 名词

    sportsmeetclothesshopwomenpilots

二、数词

1、数词在使用时应注意的问题:

易错数词:

 年月日及介词

 计算用词

 和数字相关的词

2、综合

 1)数字表达:

   123,856,709

onehundredandtwenty-threemillion,eighthundredand

fifty-sixthousand,sevenhundredandnine

2)年月日inthemorning;onthemorningofSeptember1;

inSeptember;in1988;onSeptember1(onthefirstofSeptember)

3、计算

+ Sixandfiveis(are)eleven.

Sixhundredplusfortyis(equals)sixhundredandforty.

- Fourfromsevenis(leaves)three.

Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred.

X16x11=176

Sixteentimeselevenis(makes)onehundredandseventy-six.

÷9÷3=3

Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree.

4、dozen,score

A.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggs

B.threescoreyears;a(three)scoreofpeople;scoresoftimes

5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.

分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.

Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses.

70percentodthefund(资金)wassuppliedbytheGovernment.

6、“一个半...”的表达法.  

onepoundandahalf,oneandahalfyears

三、冠词

1、冠词应注意的问题

 习惯用法

 同一名词前不同名词的比较

2、不定冠词

1)成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)

aknifeandfork

2)amost+n.“非常“Thisisamostbeautifulcountry.

3)a(an)与one之区别

A.数字对比用oneItwasonecoffeeweordered,nottwo.

B.对比 Aknifeisnogood. (刀子不行)

      Oneknifeisnogood. (一把刀子不行)

  C.通用 a(one)million,a(one)quarter

4)a(an)与every之比较:

threetimesayear;twiceeverythreeyears

5)惯用法 A.Whatasurprise!

Whatalovelydress!

quiteanicedayratheragoodidea

suchafunnyexpression

B.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress!

sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas

3、定冠词

1)普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace

2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacific(Ocean)

3)the+adj.(-ing;-ed)

A.指一类人,谓语用复数

Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof.

B.指一类事,谓语用单数

Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.

4)用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体

部位前Hehatesthetelephone.

5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前

Theboywhoyouarelookingfor(inblue,there,standingthere,

dressedinblue)isastudent.

4、零冠词

1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等

NationalDayNanjingRoad

2)职位充当补语、同位语时

Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool.

3)成对出现的成语

arminarm(手挽手),handinhand(手牵手),facetoface,

sidebyside(肩并肩),dayandnight,youngandold,

fromdoortodoor,frommorningtillnight,frombeginningtoend

5、冠词比较

gotoschool(hospital,church);inprison(强调用途)

gototheschool,visittheprison(强调建筑物本身)

2)I’llgotherenextFriday.(以说话时间为准)

In1989,hewas28,andthenextyear,hewas29.(以所给时间为准)

3)byair(plane,boat…)inaspaceship(onthebike,onthebus)

4)Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.(泛指)

Theairintheroomisnotfresh.(特指)

5)beattablebeatthetable

6)acupofcoffeeTwocoffees,please.Ilikewhitecoffee.

Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s.

7)Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.

TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou.

8)Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal.

Horsesareusefulanimals.

9)thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear

 

代词

一、人称代词

1、多个人称代词的排列顺序:

①youandI②heandI③youandhe

④you,heandI⑤you,theyandwe(情况多)

2、It的用法

①代替this,that

That’sabook,isn’tit?

②做某动作的人或婴儿

---Someoneiscoming.Whocanitbe?

---ItmaybeJack.

It’salovelybaby.Isitaboyoragirl?

③表示时间、距离、自然现象

It’s20milesto(from)Paris.

3、简略回答中用so,not,it的情况:

①肯定答语中,下列动词后面常用so:

think,hope,believe,I’mafraid,Itseems(appears),etc.

---Isittruethathehadaheartattack?

---I’mafraidso./Ibelieveso./Itseemsso.

②否定答语中用not:

---HasAnnegotintouniversity?

---I’mafraidnot./Ithinknot./Itseemsnot.

③协力动词中也可以用not…so:

believe,think,suppose,expect,etc

Idon’tbelieveso./Idon’tthinkso.

④do代替上下文动词,并且表示一个已完成的动作时,

do后常用so/it:

---Pleaselaythetable.

---I’vejustdoneso(it).

二、指示代词

★that,one,it的区别

①one代替可数名词,表示泛指;theone表示特指;that代替不可数名

词,表示特指;它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物;it指前面提到的

同一事物。

●Thereisanoldengineerandayoungonehere.

●Hisattitudetomeisthatofafriend.

●I’velostmypen.Haveyouseenit?

(Haveyoulendmeone?

②the/this/that/these/those+adj.+one/ones

I’lltryonafewoftheseshirts.Pleasepassmethatwhiteone.

③theone后面可以接介词短语或定语从句

●Theboyinyourclassistallerthantheoneinourclass.

●Theskirt(that)shemadeherselfismorebeautifultowearthan

theone(that)sheboughtlastyear.

④one不能代替前面提到的不可数名词

Don’tusepowderedmilk.Usethisfreshmilk.(不可用freshone)

⑤those,ones

●Thesemachinesarebetterthanthosewemadelastyear.

●---I’dlikeapoundofapples.

---Whichones?

---Thered(ones).

●---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?

---Didn’twejusthave?

(NMET2000)

A.itB.thatC.oneD.this(C)

三、物主代词

1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语,不能作定语

Thisismycup.Yoursistheonethat’sgreen.

Thesethingsaremine.Thosearetheirs.

2、名词性物主代词与of结构连用

Thatbrotherofyourslookshealthy.

Heisanoldfriendofmine.

3、下列结构用the代替物主代词

HepulledJackbythehair(arm).

Hewaswoundedintheleg.

Hewasblindintherighteye.

四、反身代词

1、加强语气(可前可后)

Theheadmasterspoketomehimself.

→Theheadmasterhimselfspoketome.

●Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetter

thantheyknewit.

A.themselvesB.oneselfC.itselfD.himself

(NMET1996)(A)

2、own:

反身代词无所有格形式,用own表达:

I’dlovetohavemyownroom/aroomofmyown.

五、不定代词

1、everyeach

①every指时间:

everyotherday,

everythreedays=everythirdday

②each放在复数主谓语之间:

Weeachhaveabook.

③each放在句尾:

Shegaveherchildrenanappleeach.

2、some-any-every-no-

①作单数看:

Isthereanyoneherewhoisadoctor?

②不与of连用:

不说 someoneof;nooneof.etc

可说someoneof;noneof,etc.

③+adj./todo(vt.):

Isthereanythingformetositon?

④+else:

Thisisn’tmine.It’ssomeoneelse’s.

3、someany

①表示请求、建议的问句用some

Wouldyoulikesome(more)coffee?

②some+n.(singl.)

Youwillrealizeitsomeday.

③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)

Anychildcananswerthat.

Givemeaplate.Anyone(plate)willdo.

 ④any(some)of+ 限定词 + n.

someoftheoil,anyofmywater

4、bothall

①常用于助动词或情感动词后,但在简答中放在前面

●Thegirlsarebothready.

●---Areyouready?

---Yes,weboth(all)are.

②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面

Hegavesometousall(both).

 ③all单独用,指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数

●Allislost.●Allarehere.

5、eitherneither

①either…or;neither…nor作主语,谓语的使用是邻近原则

NeitherhenorIamgoingtoLondon.

 ②作定语,修饰单数名词

Neither(Either)bookissatisfactory.

6、another(the)other(the)others

①another  另外的,另一个的

Pleaseshowmeanother(one).

Doyouneedanothercup?

②another+ 基数词(few)+ n.

Ineedanotherthreedays.(threemoredays)

③(the)other(+n.)(the)other

theothersix(persons)/theothers/theotherday

7、(a)few(a)little

①few的搭配

 ●Wehadagoodfewletterthismorning(很多).

 ●Notafewletterswerewrittentothemagazines.(不少)

●---Howmanydoyouwant?

---Justafew,please.(不多)

quiteafew(相当多)

onlyafew(只有几个,几乎没有)

②little的搭配

 ●There’sonlyalittlesoupleft.

●---Howmuchdoyouwant?

---Justalittle,please.

8、muchmany

①(much/far)toomuchfartoomany

Yoursongotmuch(far)toomuchpocketmoney.

Therearefartoomanyacci

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