高考语法.docx

1、高考语法 高中语法一、名词1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题：名词的数：单数、复数和不可数；名词的格：通格和属格 （s ）名词的限定：特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法，即名词前加冠词或 其它限定词， 例如： some, many , this, my 等2、名词的数和单位词：1）复型名词 + 复数动词 The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair. 备用词： shoes, stockings, glasses, socks NOTICE: A pair of glasses costs quite a lot.2）复型

2、名词 + 单数动词 A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying. 备用词：mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United States B. Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 备用词： five pounds, two feet, six weeks3) 集合名词 + 复数名词 The police have surrounded the building. Cattle are selling for record price (创记录）.备用词： the

3、 enemy, (the) people NOTICE: 表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用，但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数: My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me. The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be.4)不可数名词作可数的情况A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况 a (an) + adj. + n. It looks like rain. a thirsty for knowled

4、ge(求知欲） a heavy rain He has a good knowledge of politics. 备用词： snow, breakfast, wine, oil, education B.口语特例（特定场合） A (One) beer, please. Two teas and four coffees, please.5)既是可数又是不可数的名词 I broke a glass this morning. (杯子） Glass is made from sand. （玻璃） 备用词： paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(灯); ice(冰

5、) / an ice (冰激凌), chicken(鸡肉) / a chicken (雏鸡)6) 单位词A.个数 a piece of information (furniture, advice)B. 以形状表示个数 a grain of rice, a flight of stairsC. 容量 a box of matches, a cup of teaD. 计量 a metre of cloth, a ton of coalE.其它 a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)3、名词的格： 1） s 的用法 A . 与时间有关的名词 a nig

6、hts sleep ten minutes walk NOTICE: a two-hour walk = two hourswalk B. 和else 连用 book can this be? A. Who elses B. Whose else C. Whos else D. Whose elses (A) C. s 修饰的词，如果前面提到，可省略 This is Jacks book, not Toms. This book is Jacks not Toms. D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等， s 后面的名词省略 at the Greens (house), at the doctors

7、(office) 2) OF 结构表示所有关系 A. 无生命的名词用of the price of the success B. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?3)双重所有格 s 与of结构并用，此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a, an, two, some, that等 Miss Smith is a friend of Marys mothers. that brother of the girl4)名词 + 名词 （名词用作形容词） A. 单数名词名词a shoe

8、(flower) shop ticket office NOTICE: the tailors (shop) B. 复数名词名词 sports meet clothes shop women pilots 二、数词1、数词在使用时应注意的问题： 易错数词：年月日及介词计算用词和数字相关的词2、综合 1) 数字表达：123,856,709 one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and nine 2) 年月日 in the morning; on the m

9、orning of September 1; in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September) 3、计算 Six and five is (are) eleven. Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty. Four from seven is (leaves) three. Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hundred.X 16 x 11 = 176 Sixteen times ele

10、ven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six. 9 3 = 3 Nine divided by three equals three.4、dozen, score A. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggsB. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times5、小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定如果是可数名

11、词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式；如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式 More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses. 70 percent od the fund(资金) was supplied by the Government.6、“一个半”的表达法 one pound and a half ,one and a half years三、冠词、冠词应注意的问题习惯用法同一名词前不同名词的比较、不定冠词1) 成对的名词（此类名词间常有一种自然的联系） a knife and fork 2) a most + n. “非常“

12、 This is a most beautiful country. 3) a (an) 与 one 之区别 A. 数字对比用one It was one coffee we ordered, not two. B. 对比 A knife is no good. (刀子不行） One knife is no good. (一把刀子不行） C. 通用a (one) million, a (one) quarter 4) a (an) 与every 之比较: three times a year; twice every three years 5) 惯用法 A. What a surprise

13、! What a lovely dress ! quite a nice day rather a good idea such a funny expression B. too cold a day How lovely a dress! so strange a person as good a map as3、定冠词 1）普通名词组成的专有名词 the Great Wall the Summer Palace 2）江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾 the Pacific (Ocean) 3）the + adj. (-ing; -ed) A. 指一类人，谓语用复数 The old ar

14、e being taken good care of. B. 指一类事，谓语用单数 The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 4）用在radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然现象（rain）、身体 部位前 He hates the telephone. 5）被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前 The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there, dressed in blue ) is a student.4、零冠

15、词1）街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等 National Day Nanjing Road2）职位充当补语、同位语时 He was elected headmaster of the school.3）成对出现的成语 arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牵手), face to face, side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old, from door to door, from morning till night, from beginning to end5、冠词比较 go to sch

16、ool (hospital, church); in prison (强调用途） go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身）2) Ill go there next Friday. (以说话时间为准） In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所给时间为准）3) by air (plane, boat) in a spaceship ( on the bike, on the bus)4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指) The air

17、 in the room is not fresh. (特指)5) be at table be at the table6) a cup of coffee Two coffees, please. I like white coffee. This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Toms.7) Mr. White is waiting to see you. A Mr. White is waiting to see you. The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to

18、 see you.8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.9) the best season of the year the best time of year代词一、人称代词1、多个人称代词的排列顺序： you and I he and I you and he you, he and I you, they and we(情况多)2、It 的用法 代替this, that Thats a book, isnt it ? 做某动作的人或婴儿 -Someone

19、 is coming. Who can it be ? -It may be Jack. Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 表示时间、距离、自然现象 Its 20 miles to (from) Paris.3、简略回答中用so, not, it 的情况： 肯定答语中，下列动词后面常用so: think, hope, believe, Im afraid, It seems (appears), etc.-Is it true that he had a heart attack? -Im afraid so. / I believe so.

20、/ It seems so. 否定答语中用not: -Has Anne got into university? -Im afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not. 协力动词中也可以用notso: believe, think, suppose, expect, etc I dont believe so. / I dont think so. do代替上下文动词，并且表示一个已完成的动作时， do后常用so / it: -Please lay the table. -Ive just done so (it).二、指示代词that, one, it的

21、区别 one 代替可数名词，表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可数名 词 ，表示特指; 它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物; it指前面提到的 同一事物。 There is an old engineer and a young one here. His attitude to me is that of a friend. Ive lost my pen. Have you seen it? (Have you lend me one?) the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / ones Ill try on a

22、 few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one. the one后面可以接介词短语或定语从句 The boy in your class is taller than the one in our class. The skirt (that) she made herself is more beautiful to wear than the one (that) she bought last year. one 不能代替前面提到的不可数名词 Dont use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk.

23、(不可用 fresh one)those , ones These machines are better than those we made last year. -Id like a pound of apples. -Which ones? -The red (ones). -Why dont we take a little break ? -Didnt we just have ? (NMET2000) A. it B. that C. one D. this (C) 三、物主代词1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语，不能作定语 This is my cup. Yours is

24、the one thats green. These things are mine. Those are theirs.2、名词性物主代词与 of 结构连用 That brother of yours looks healthy. He is an old friend of mine.3、下列结构用 the 代替物主代词 He pulled Jack by the hair (arm). He was wounded in the leg. He was blind in the right eye.四、反身代词1、加强语气（可前可后） The headmaster spoke to me

25、 himself. The headmaster himself spoke to me. Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it . A. themselves B. oneself C. itself D. himself (NMET 1996) (A)2、own： 反身代词无所有格形式，用 own 表达： Id love to have my own room / a room of my own.五、不定代词1、every each every指时间: every other day, eve

26、ry three days = every third day each放在复数主谓语之间: We each have a book. each放在句尾: She gave her children an apple each.2、some- any- every- no- 作单数看: Is there anyone here who is a doctor? 不与 of 连用: 不说someone of; no one of. etc 可说 some one of; none of, etc. adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to s

27、it on ? else: This isnt mine. Its someone elses.3、some any 表示请求、建议的问句用some Would you like some (more) coffee ? some + n.(singl.) You will realize it some day. any在肯定句中表示任何一个（无论哪个） Any child can answer that. Give me a plate. Any one (plate) will do. any (some) of 限定词n.some of the oil , any of my wate

28、r4、both all 常用于助动词或情感动词后，但在简答中放在前面 The girls are both ready. - Are you ready ? - Yes, we both (all) are. 放在作宾语的宾格代词后面 He gave some to us all (both). all单独用，指人时谓语用用复数；指物时谓语用单数 All is lost. All are here.5、either neither eitheror; neithernor 作主语，谓语的使用是邻近原则 Neither he nor I am going to London.作定语，修饰单数名词

29、 Neither (Either) book is satisfactory.6、another (the) other (the) others another另外的，另一个的 Please show me another (one). Do you need another cup ? another 基数词(few) n. I need another three days. (three more days) (the) other ( n.) (the) other the other six (persons) / the others / the other day7、(a) f

30、ew (a) little few 的搭配 We had a good few letter this morning(很多). Not a few letters were written to the magazines. (不少) -How many do you want ? -Just a few, please. (不多) quite a few (相当多） only a few (只有几个，几乎没有） little 的搭配 Theres only a little soup left. -How much do you want ? -Just a little, please.8、much many (much /far) too much far too many Your son got much (far) too much pocket money. There are far too many acci