中英文浅析维多利亚时代的建筑艺术特征.docx

中英文浅析维多利亚时代的建筑艺术特征.docx

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中英文浅析维多利亚时代的建筑艺术特征

ResearchontheArtisticFeaturesofArchitectureDesignofVictorian

Abstract:

Peopleoftenreferredtoasthe“ageofimprovement”,theVictorianerawasoneofunprecedentedgrowthanddevelopment.TheVictoriansnotonlybenefitedfromthetechnologicaladvantagesaffordedbythefullfloweringoftheIndustrialRevolutionbutalsoenjoyedtheprofitsthatcamewithBritain’seconomicandpoliticalrisetoworlddominance.Withthisrisecameprofoundsocialchangeaspoliticians,academics,socialreformers,manufacturers,andreligiousleadersviedtoinstitutenewsensibilitiesregardingmorality,spirituality,science,charity,education,andpoliticalrepresentation.Thistransformationnaturallyaffectedthetypeandstyleofbuildingsthatwereerectedduringthisperiod,dramaticallyalteringthedesignfeaturesofBritain’sVictorianarchitecture.ThisthesisconsiderstheartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorianbylistingthedifferentstylesofVictorianarchitectureandthecontextofthesocialandculturalchangesthatgaverisetothem.

Keywords:

Victorianera,Architecture;Designfeatures

ArchitectureisoneofthedefiningelementsoftheVictorianEra. BuildingconstructionembracednewandeasiertechniquestocreatestructuresreflectingtheVictorians’romanticizedideasofdesign.  TheVictorianerareferstotheperiodfrom1825to1900.Thepoliticalsystem,economyandsocietydevelopedinarapidspeed.Theobviousphenomenonisthenumberofmiddleclassincreased.Afterhavingalotofmoney,Peopleinmiddleclassneedtochangetheirlivingconditionandstyleofinteriordecoration.Theytendtousearchitecturetorevealthemselves.Hence,designfeaturesofVictoriantookemphasizeondecoration,soitariseatthehistoricmoment.AndtheIndustrialrevolutionmadethevolumeproductionpossible.ItprovidedopportunityfortheimprovementofVictorianstyle.ThispaperwillintroducethebackgroundofVictorianeraandthereasonwhyVictorianstylewaspopularunderthatsocialsituation,thenitanalysistheartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorianwhichcanhelptoprovideevidencesforpeopletogetfamiliarwitharchitecturedesignofVictorian.

ChapterIIntroduction

1.1BackgroundoftheResearch

Amongotherartisticachievements,theVictoriansproducedwonderfulworksofarchitecture.VictorianErawasthegreatesteraoftheU.K.Thisconclusioncanbemainlyreachedfromevaluatingitseconomicdevelopmentanditssocialstability.Especiallyinitsmid-era,theVictorianswitnessedtheirmostprosperousandpowerfultime.Atthattime,theproductionforceofBritainwasmuchgreaterthantheoverallamountofthewholeworld,anditsforeigntradewasinthefirstpositionwithwhichothercountriescouldnotcompare.Victorianarchitectureoccupiesanimportantpositioninthearchitecturalhistory.Ifpeoplewanttostudytheculture,economy,politicalsysteminVictorianera,Victorianarchitecturecanprovidevaluableanswers.

Moreresearchesshouldbedoneonexploringtherelationshipbetweenarchitecturefeaturesandsocialenvironment.ItisusefultoanalysistheinfluentialfactorsinVictoriaerawhichcanprovidedirectiontostudydesignfeatures.

1.2OverallBackgroundoftheVictorianera

VictorianerawasnamedaftertheQueen.QueenVictorian’sreignwasthelongestandthemostmomentousoneintheEnglishhistory,lastingfor63years.AmongallthechangesanddevelopmentsthatmarkedTheVictorianreign,twoeventshadthemostsparklinglightandtheyundoubtedlydeserveattention.ThefirstwastheFrenchRevolution（1789-1815）,andthesecondwastheIndustrialRevolutionthatbeganaround1780andwasacceleratedthroughtheVictorianAge.

VictorianEracanbedividedintounitschronologically.Therearethreepartsofit,theEarlyVictorianPeriod（1830-1850）,theMid-VictorianPeriod（1851-1870）,andtheLateVictorianPeriod（1871-1901）.IntheEarlyVictorianPeriod（1830-1850）,difficultiesineconomy,politicsandsocietygraduallybecameobvious;thisspecificagewasbeginningtoshowitsfacetotheBritons.Inthisperiodtheindustrialdevelopmentandurbanizationwerethekeyfeatures.TheMid-VictorianPeriod（1851-1870）wasthecrestofthewholeera.During1851theGreatExhibitionatthespeciallybuilt“CrystalPalace”showedthelatestandgrandestscientificwondersforanadmiringworld.TheMid-VictorianyearswereprosperousandtheVictoriansofthatperiodwereimaginingthemuchmoreprosperousandupheavalworldtheyhadneverimagined.ThelateVictorianerawasfrom1870to1901.ThisperiodwitnessedtheuncertaintiesoftheBritisheconomy..CommonBritonsaround1870werealmostwealthierthantheordinarycitizenofeveryothercountryatthatmoment.

1.3SpreadofVictorianarchitecturestyle

AlthoughVictorianarchitectureisrootedinEngland,itquicklyspread worldwide asBritisharchitectsstartedtoemigratetoCanada,Australia,NewZealandandtheUnitedStates.Buildingsareornamentedwithbrightcolors,spindles,towers,turrets,wraparoundporches,andotherfancifuldetails.Thestylewasmadepopularbythemachineage.Railroadsshippedfactory-made,precutarchitecturalpartsacrossthecountrywherebuilderswouldusethemtocreatepicturesque,elaborate,andsometimesexcessivehomes.Eventually,improvedcommunicationsinthe19thcenturybegantoinforminternationalarchitectsofthelatestandgreateststylesandtrends,andtheVictorianinfluencegrew. Still,theexactVictoriantimeperiodandnamesofarchitecturalstylesdifferfromcountrytocountry.IntheUnitedStates, Victorianstyle wasgenerallypopularfrom1860to1900.SanFranciscoinparticulariswellknownforitsVictorianarchitecture.InAustralia,theVictorianperiodwasrecognizedfrom1840to1890.Melbourne'sworld-heritageRoyalExhibitionBuildingandRialtoBuildingarebothgoodexamplesofclassicVictorianarchitectureinAustralia. 

1.4TheLayoutoftheThesis

Thethesisconsistsoffourchapters.

Chapter1providesageneralintroductionofthewholethesis.Thebackgroundoftheresearch,theoverallbackgroundofVictorianera,spreadoftheVictorianstyleandthelayoutoftheresearcharepresentedinthischapter.Chapter2isartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorian.ItintroducesthegeneralfeaturesofVictorianarchitectureandthenlistssevenkindsofVictorianarchitecture,introducestheircharacteristics.Chapter3istheinfluencefactorsofartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorian.Thispartpresentsthepoliticalenvironment,changeableculture;newtechnologyandscienceandcoloniesarchitectureinVictorianerahaveinfluenceondesignfeaturesofarchitectures.Chapter4istheconclusion.Thatshowsthemajorfindingsoftheresearch.

ChapterIIArtisticFeaturesofArchitectureDesignofVictorian

TherearemultiplefeatureswithintheVictoriantheme.TheUKatthattimewasthemostsparklingstarovertheworld.BritaindemonstrateditsgloryinVictorianera.From1851-1881,theeconomyofBritainkeptrising.Althoughtherewereoccasionallyeconomiccrisis,theoveralleconomicsituationwasinagreatcondition.TheUKdevelopedinaspecialspeedwhichdifferentfromotherperiodsinitshistory,sothearchitecturehasitsdifferentcharacteristics.IfpeoplewanttostudytheVictorianera,artisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictoriancanshowsocialcharacteristicsatthattime.ThischapterwillanalysisthegeneralfeaturesofVictorianarchitectureandthenintroducesthesevenartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorian.

2.1TheGeneralfeaturesofVictorianArchitecture

MostVictorianhouseshaddistinctivecolorschemesandexteriorfeatures,includingmansardroofs,curves,arches,fancybrackets,columns,anduniqueandlargewindows.TheGovernor’sMansionwasfirstpaintedmustardyellowwithsage-greentrim.TheinteriorsofVictorianhouseswereelaboratelydecoratedandfilledtothebrimwithfancyfurniture.Carvedandpaintedmoldingsandplasterwalldecorationscaughtthelightfromgasandkerosenelamps.Itwastypicaltoseefloralcarpets,largepatternedandmulti-coloredwallpaper,velvetandlacecurtains,overstuffedchairs,tuftedottomans,marble-toppedtables,candelabras,chandeliers,andcarvedsideboards.Onemightalsoseemanypottedplants,bronzestatues,marblefigures,andworksofart.Duringthistimeperiod,agrowingwealthyclassofpeopledevelopedandbuiltlargeVictorianhousesasashowoftheirwealthandsocialstatus.YetnoteveryonelivedinanimpressiveVictorianhouse.SmallerhouseswithVictorianfeatureswerebuiltforagrowingpopulation.

2.2ArtisticFeaturesofGothicRevival

TheGothicRevivalwasanarchitecturalmovementwhichoriginatedinmid-18thcenturyEngland.Inthe19thcentury,increasinglyseriousandlearnedneo-Gothicstylessoughttorevivemedievalforms,indistinctiontotheclassicalstyleswhichwereprevalentatthetime.ThemovementhadsignificantinfluencethroughouttheUnitedKingdomaswellasinEuropeandNorthAmerica,andperhapsmoreGothicarchitecturewasbuiltinboththe19thcenturyand20thcenturythanhadoriginallyeverbeenbuilt.Inliterature,thearchitecturalGothicRevivalandclassicalRomanticismgaverisetotheGothicnovelgenre,beginningwithCastleofOtranto（1764）byHoraceWalpole,4thEarlofOrford,andinspireda19thcenturygenreofmedievalpoetrywhichstemsfromthepseudo-bardicpoetryof“Ossian.”PoemslikeIdyllsoftheKingbyAlfredTennyson,1stBaronTennysonrecastspecificallymodernthemesinmedievalsettingsofArthurianromance.TheseearlyVictorianArchitecturereinventedtheclassi