中英文浅析维多利亚时代的建筑艺术特征.docx

1、中英文浅析维多利亚时代的建筑艺术特征Research on the Artistic Features of Architecture Design of VictorianAbstract: People often referred to as the “age of improvement”, the Victorian era was one of unprecedented growth and development. The Victorians not only benefited from the technological advantages afforded by th

2、e full flowering of the Industrial Revolution but also enjoyed the profits that came with Britains economic and political rise to world dominance. With this rise came profound social change as politicians, academics, social reformers, manufacturers, and religious leaders vied to institute new sensib

3、ilities regarding morality, spirituality, science, charity, education, and political representation. This transformation naturally affected the type and style of buildings that were erected during this period, dramatically altering the design features of Britains Victorian architecture. This thesis

4、considers the artistic features of architecture design of Victorian by listing the different styles of Victorian architecture and the context of the social and cultural changes that gave rise to them. Key words: Victorian era, Architecture; Design featuresArchitecture is one of the defining elements

5、 of the Victorian Era. Building construction embraced new and easier techniques to create structures reflecting the Victorians romanticized ideas of design.The Victorian era refers to the period from 1825 to 1900. The political system, economy and society developed in a rapid speed. The obvious phen

6、omenon is the number of middle class increased. After having a lot of money, People in middle class need to change their living condition and style of interior decoration. They tend to use architecture to reveal themselves. Hence, design features of Victorian took emphasize on decoration, so it aris

7、e at the historic moment. And the Industrial revolution made the volume production possible. It provided opportunity for the improvement of Victorian style. This paper will introduce the background of Victorian era and the reason why Victorian style was popular under that social situation, then it a

8、nalysis the artistic features of architecture design of Victorian which can help to provide evidences for people to get familiar with architecture design of Victorian. Chapter I Introduction1.1 Background of the ResearchAmong other artistic achievements, the Victorians produced wonderful works of ar

9、chitecture. Victorian Era was the greatest era of the U.K. This conclusion can be mainly reached from evaluating its economic development and its social stability. Especially in its mid-era, the Victorians witnessed their most prosperous and powerful time. At that time, the production force of Brita

10、in was much greater than the overall amount of the whole world, and its foreign trade was in the first position with which other countries could not compare. Victorian architecture occupies an important position in the architectural history. If people want to study the culture, economy, political sy

11、stem in Victorian era, Victorian architecture can provide valuable answers. More researches should be done on exploring the relationship between architecture features and social environment. It is useful to analysis the influential factors in Victoria era which can provide direction to study design

12、features. 1.2 Overall Background of the Victorian eraVictorian era was named after the Queen. Queen Victorians reign was the longest and the most momentous one in the English history, lasting for 63 years. Among all the changes and developments that marked The Victorian reign, two events had the mos

13、t sparkling light and they undoubtedly deserve attention. The first was the French Revolution (1789-1815), and the second was the Industrial Revolution that began around 1780 and was accelerated through the Victorian Age. Victorian Era can be divided into units chronologically. There are three parts

14、 of it, the Early Victorian Period (1830-1850), the Mid-Victorian Period (1851-1870), and the Late Victorian Period (1871-1901). In the Early Victorian Period (1830-1850), difficulties in economy, politics and society gradually became obvious; this specific age was beginning to show its face to the

15、Britons. In this period the industrial development and urbanization were the key features. The Mid-Victorian Period (1851-1870) was the crest of the whole era. During 1851 the Great Exhibition at the specially built “Crystal Palace” showed the latest and grandest scientific wonders for an admiring w

16、orld. The Mid-Victorian years were prosperous and the Victorians of that period were imagining the much more prosperous and upheaval world they had never imagined. The late Victorian era was from 1870 to 1901. This period witnessed the uncertainties of the British economy. . Common Britons around 18

17、70 were almost wealthier than the ordinary citizen of every other country at that moment.1.3 Spread of Victorian architecture styleAlthough Victorian architecture is rooted in England, it quickly spreadworldwideas British architects started to emigrate to Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Unite

18、d States. Buildings are ornamented with bright colors, spindles, towers, turrets, wrap around porches, and other fanciful details. The style was made popular by the machine age. Railroads shipped factory-made, precut architectural parts across the country where builders would use them to create pict

19、uresque, elaborate, and sometimes excessive homes. Eventually, improved communications in the 19th century began to inform international architects of the latest and greatest styles and trends, and the Victorian influence grew. Still, the exact Victorian time period and names of architectural styles

20、 differ from country to country. In the United States,Victorian stylewas generally popular from 1860 to 1900. San Francisco in particular is well known for its Victorian architecture. In Australia, the Victorian period was recognized from 1840 to 1890. Melbournes world-heritage Royal Exhibition Buil

21、ding and Rialto Building are both good examples of classic Victorian architecture in Australia.1.4 The Layout of the ThesisThe thesis consists of four chapters.Chapter 1 provides a general introduction of the whole thesis. The background of the research, the overall background of Victorian era, spre

22、ad of the Victorian style and the layout of the research are presented in this chapter. Chapter 2 is artistic features of architecture design of Victorian. It introduces the general features of Victorian architecture and then lists seven kinds of Victorian architecture, introduces their characterist

23、ics. Chapter 3 is the influence factors of artistic features of architecture design of Victorian. This part presents the political environment, changeable culture; new technology and science and colonies architecture in Victorian era have influence on design features of architectures. Chapter 4 is t

24、he conclusion. That shows the major findings of the research.Chapter II Artistic Features of Architecture Design of VictorianThere are multiple features within the Victorian theme. The UK at that time was the most sparkling star over the world. Britain demonstrated its glory in Victorian era. From 1

25、851-1881, the economy of Britain kept rising. Although there were occasionally economic crisis, the overall economic situation was in a great condition. The UK developed in a special speed which different from other periods in its history, so the architecture has its different characteristics. If pe

26、ople want to study the Victorian era, artistic features of architecture design of Victorian can show social characteristics at that time. This chapter will analysis the general features of Victorian architecture and then introduces the seven artistic features of architecture design of Victorian. 2.1

27、 The General features of Victorian ArchitectureMost Victorian houses had distinctive color schemes and exterior features, including mansard roofs, curves, arches, fancy brackets, columns, and unique and large windows. The Governors Mansion was first painted mustard yellow with sage-green trim. The i

28、nteriors of Victorian houses were elaborately decorated and filled to the brim with fancy furniture. Carved and painted moldings and plaster wall decorations caught the light from gas and kerosene lamps. It was typical to see floral carpets, large patterned and multi-colored wallpaper, velvet and la

29、ce curtains, overstuffed chairs, tufted ottomans, marble-topped tables, candelabras, chandeliers, and carved sideboards. One might also see many potted plants, bronze statues, marble figures, and works of art. During this time period, a growing wealthy class of people developed and built large Victo

30、rian houses as a show of their wealth and social status. Yet not everyone lived in an impressive Victorian house. Smaller houses with Victorian features were built for a growing population.2.2 Artistic Features of Gothic Revival The Gothic Revival was an architectural movement which originated in mi

31、d-18th century England. In the 19th century, increasingly serious and learned neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval forms, in distinction to the classical styles which were prevalent at the time. The movement had significant influence throughout the United Kingdom as well as in Europe and Nort

32、h America, and perhaps more Gothic architecture was built in both the 19th century and 20th century than had originally ever been built. In literature, the architectural Gothic Revival and classical Romanticism gave rise to the Gothic novel genre, beginning with Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Wa

33、lpole, 4th Earl of Orford, and inspired a 19th century genre of medieval poetry which stems from the pseudo-bardic poetry of “Ossian.” Poems like Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. These early Victorian Architecture reinvented the classi