M1 模块一 语法 定语从句反义疑问句讲练结合.docx
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M1模块一语法定语从句反义疑问句讲练结合
M1U1&2语法——定语从句
(一)定语从句的基本概念(先行词、关系词、定语从句)
由一个句子作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容,这样的句子叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句通常放在先行词的后面。
(二)关系词
关系词
所指先行词
在从句中所担成分
关系
代词
that
事,物,人
主,表,宾
which
事,物
主,宾
who
人
主,宾
whom
人
宾
whose
物,人
定
as
事,物,人
主,表,宾
关系
副词
when
时间
状
where
地点
状
why
原因
状
(三)关系词的作用
1.代替先行词;2.在定语从句中充当成分;3.连接先行词与定语从句。
(四)关系代词的基本用法(见上面表格)
特别提醒:
1.关系代词which/whom/that/who作宾语时,可省,但作介宾时,它们则不可省略。
2.关系代词that与which的区别:
1)先行词是不定代词或被不定代词none,noone,one,few,little,all,any,much,every,each,anything,everything,nothing等修饰时,定语从句用that来引导。
That’sallthatIwanttosay.
Isthereanythingthatyouwantinthisschool?
2)先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,定语从句用that来引导。
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
3)先行词前有thevery,theonly等修饰时,定语从句用that来引导。
4)先行词既包括人也包括物时,定语从句用that来引导。
Hetalkedaboutsomewritersandbooksthatwereunknowntousatall.
5)当关系词在从句中作表语时,定语从句用that来引导。
Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitwas50yearsago.
6)在which,who开头的疑问句中,若还要用关系代词引导定语从句,则用that.
Whoisthegirlthatissinginginthehall?
★介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
(一)介词+which/whom引导定语从句的条件
在定语从句中,当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语时,我们可以用介词+which/whom来引导定语从句。
1.Isthatthegirltowhomyoulendyourbicycle?
(指人,用介词+whom)
2.EnglishisthesubjectinwhichIammostinterested.(指物,用介词+which)
(二)介词+which/whom引导定语从句时,介词该如何确定?
1.根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词习惯搭配来确定。
①ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8yuan.
②ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8yuan.
③CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichI’mnotsure?
2.根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定。
①IrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.
②IrememberthedaysduringwhichIlivedhere.
3.根据所表达的意思来确定。
①Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.
②Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?
(三)重点提示
1.若介词置于定语从句中时,作宾语的关系代词代人可用who/whom/that/省略,代物可用which/that/省略,若将介词提置关系代词前时,代人只用whom,代物只用which。
Doyouknowthesinger(who/whom/that)theyaretalkingabout?
Doyouknowthesingeraboutwhomtheyaretalking?
Thisistheschool(which/that)Istudiedinforthreeyears.
ThisistheschoolinwhichIstudiedforthreeyears.
2.有些“动词+介词”的固定搭配不可把介词置于关系代词前,如lookfor,lookafter,lookup,lookinto,lookforwardto,takecareof…
ThisistherighttapeforwhichI’mlooking.(×)
ThisistherighttapewhichI’mlookingfor.(√)
3.表示所属关系时,应该用“of+which/whom”
注意:
of+which/whom+the+n.或the+n.+of+which/whom等于whose+n.
(1)Hewenttherewithamanwhosesonwasadriver.(=thesonofwhom)
(2)Wecameuptothehousewhosewindowwasbroken.(=thewindowofwhich)
4.theway为先行词且在定语从句中充当方式状语时,通常由inwhich或that引导,而且可以省略。
如:
Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.
★关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词的基本用法----关系副词在定从中作状语。
注意点1.先行词是时间并且在定语从句中作时间状语时,用when,也可转换成“in/at/on/during…+which”.
(1)Iwillalwaysrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstusede-mailtosendmessagestomyfriendabroad.
(2)Iregrettedtheeveningswhen/duringwhichIhadplayedcomputergamesinsteadofstudying.
注意点2.先行词是地点并且在定语从句中作地点状语时,用where,也可转换成“in/at/on…+which”.
(1)Canyoufindaplacewhere/inwhichwecanhaveabirthdaypartyforSarah?
(2)Themeetingwhere/atwhichheofferedhissuggestionslastedtwohours.
注意点3.先行词是原因并且在定从中作原因状语时,用why,也可转换成“介词for+which”.
(1)Weallknowthereasonwhy/forwhichshewaslateforworktoday.
(2)Ishouldliketoknowthereasonwhy/forwhichyouchangedtheplan.
重点提示
(1)只有当“介词+关系代词”充当地点状语、时间状语或原因状语时,才用关系副词代替。
(2)要确定是使用关系代词还是关系副词,首先要确定关系词在从句中的作用。
如果作主语、宾语、表语或者定语,用关系代词。
如果作状语,用关系副词或介词+关系代词。
非限制性定语从句
任务一:
非限制性定语从句的基本概念
非限定性定语从句是对所修饰的成分作补充说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。
任务二:
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有哪些?
关系代词:
who,whom,whose,which,as
关系副词:
when,where
ThisnotewasleftbyMr.Li,whowashereamomentago.
这个条子是李先生留的,他刚才到这儿来过。
Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.
中国有数以百计的岛屿,其中最大的是台湾。
Thiselephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.像任何人都能看见那样,这头象像条蛇。
Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon’tbesobusy.
我们把郊游推迟到下星期,那时我们就不会这儿忙了。
注意
1.非限制性定语从句不能用that引导;也不能用why引导,而要用forwhich代替why。
如:
1)Ilikethepicture,whichwasboughtyesterday.(which作主语,不能用that)
2)Hecametomybirthdayparty,whichIdidn'texpectatall.(which作宾语,不能用that,也不能省略)
3)Ihadtoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidn'tattendthemeeting.(forwhich不能换成why)
2.非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语时,无论指人还是指物都不能省略。
任务三 非限制性定语从句的特点
1.非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是名词或代词,也可以是整个主句。
如:
Mike'sbrotherisapoliceman,whichheisn't.(先行词是主句的中的一个词apoliceman.)
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.(先行词是整个主句。
)
CarlsaidtheworkwouldbefinishedbyOctober,whichpersonallyIdoubtedverymuch.(先行词是整个主句。
)
TaiwanbelongstoChina,asisknowntoall.(先行词是整个主句。
)
重点提示
as与which引导非限制性定语从句代指整个主句时的区别:
a.位置不同。
which引导非限制性定语从句时只能放在句中;as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活,可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。
如:
1)AsIexpected,hedidn'tbelieveme.
2)Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.
b.意思不同。
as有“正如”之意,而which则意为“这(件事,一点)”,可用andthis/that/it来代替。
1)Shewantstobeasinger,ashermotherusedtobe.
2)Tomsuddenlyfellill,whichmadeussad.
c.as多用于固定搭配中:
asisoftenthecase(这是常有的事)aswasexpected(不出所料)
asoftenhappens(正如经常发生的那样)asisknowntoall(众所周知)
ashasbeensaidbefore(如上所述)asismentionedabove(正如上面所提到的)
注意
as在引导限制性定语从句时常与thesame,such搭配使用,如:
ShepickedupthesamewatchasIlostlastweek.
Ourmonitorissuchagoodstudentaseveryoneinourclasslikestomakefriendswith.
2.非限制性定语从句也可由“介词+关系代词”引导,如:
1)Heboughtthecarformorethan$20,000,withwhichhisfatherwasangry.
2)Ifinishedmyworkaheadoftime,afterwhichIsetasidesometimereadingthenewspaper.
3)Wewenttohearthisfamoussinger,aboutwhomwehadheardmanystories.
3.用“all/both/none/neither/each/either/afew/many/some等代词+ofwhom/which”引导非限制性定语从句、用“具体数字(基数词)+ofwhom/which”引导非限制性定语从句和用“the+形容词的最高级/比较级/序数词+ofwhom/which”引导非限制性定语从句表全部或部分数量。
Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. (表示全部数量)
Ipickeduptheapples,someofwhichwerebadlybruise(碰伤的). (表示部分数量)
Maryborrowedafewbooks,threeofwhichareinChinese. (表示部分数量)
Ihavemanyfriends,thetallestofwhomisWeiFang. (表示部分数量)
重点提示
上述非限制性定语从句中的ofwhom/which也可放在代词、基础词、序数词或形容词最高级前.
任务四:
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句比较
1.形式不同:
限制性定语从句无逗号,非限制定语从句用逗号隔开。
2.作用不同:
限制性定语从句在意义上与先行词关系密切,是不可缺少的定语,去掉主句意思不完整或失去意义。
非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作附加的说明,去掉主句意思仍然清楚。
HisbrotherwholivesinLondonwillgotoAmericanextweek.(可能还有别的)
Hisbrother,wholivesinLondon,willgotoAmericanextweek.(只有一个哥哥)
3.先行词不同:
限制定语从句:
一般noun/pron.
非限制定语从句:
一般noun/pron,专有noun或受物主、指示代词修饰的noun或句子.
Ilikethebookwhichwasboughtyesterday.
Ilikethebook,whichwasboughtyesterday.
Jim,whoisinClassOne,isacleverboy.
4.关系词不同:
that,why不能引导非限制定语从句.
Ihadtoldthemthereason________Ididn'tattendthemeeting.
Ihadtoldthemthereason,________Ididn’tattendthemeeting.
Hersonisverysmart,________makesherhappy.
5.关系代词省略情况不同
限制性定语从句:
关系代词作宾语时可省略(prep后不可)
非限制定语从句:
所有关系词不可省略
Thecity(which)shelivesinisfaraway.
Thecityin(that×)whichshelivesisfaraway.
用适当的关系代词填空
1.Idon’tknowtheman__________issittingbythewindow.
1.Whenwillyoubringmybook___________Ilentyoulastmonth?
2.Afterhewokeup,theonlything__________hecouldrememberwasthebigfire.
3.Doyouknowthegirl__________nameisMary?
4.Thisisthebestbook__________I’veeverread.
5.I’msorrythatthewatch__________youboughtmewaslost.
6.Weshoulddoeverything______________weshoulddotohelpthem.
7.Thekindmother___________wewanttoknowisMrsSmith.
8.Doyoustillrememberthedays___________wespentalongtheseashoreveryhappily?
9.Istillrememberthepeopleandthings__________Imetinmychildhood.
改错(每句一错)
1.Isthisthehorsethatyouspentfivehoursdrawingityesterday?
2.Thosewhohasfinishedtheexercisesmayleavetheclassroomnow?
3.Childreneatalotofsweetsorchocolateoftenhavebadteeth.
4.ThisisoneoftheriversinChinawhichflowsfromsouthtonorth.
5.Johnistheonlyoneofthestudentsthathavebeenabroad.
6.What’sthefirstEnglishmagazinewhichyouhaveeverread?
7.ThegirlwhomIthinkwasverysadatlaststoppedcrying.
8.Chinaisnolongertheweaknationwhichsheusedtobe.
单项选择
1.Thisistheman______lastnight.
A.whomIsawhimB.whomIsawC.whichIsawD.whoIsawhim
2.Hetalkedabouttheschools_____hehadvisited.
A.whoB.whoseC.whomD.which
3.Thisisthebestbook__________.
A.thathaveeverbeenwrittenB.thathaseverbeenwritten
C.thathaswrittenD.thathavewritten
4.Thecomrade______youspoketoisamodelworker.
A.andthatB.whichC.whoseD.whom
5.Canyoulendmethedictionary______theotherday?
A.aboutthatyoutalkedB.thatyoutalked
C.whichyoutalkedD.thatyoutalkedabout
6.Thisisthemostdifficultbook_______.
A.whatIhavereaditB.whichIhavereaditC.IhavereadD.Ihavereadit
7.Theplace_______wastheScienceMuseum.
A.wevisitedB.wherewevisitedC.whichwevisitedtoD.wewent
8.Thethings_____youhavetodoistopressthebutton.
A.whatB.whomC.whoD.that
9.Thisisthestudent_______hassomethingimportanttotellyou.
A.whichB.whomC.whoseD.who
10.Isthisfactory________youusedtoworkintwoyearsago?
WhichoneisNOTTRUE?
A.whichB.thatC.whoD.theonethat
11.Lookout!
Don’tgettooclosetothehouse________roofisunderrepair.
A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.who
12.Noonebelievesthereason________forhisabsence.
A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexpl