美国文学期末复习完美版.docx

美国文学期末复习完美版.docx

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美国文学期末复习完美版

（美国文学期末复习资料（完美版）

Imagism（意向主义）

（1）ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandUSaround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.

（2）TheImagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.

（3）Imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:

i）directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;ii）economyofexpression;iii）asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome;iv）EzraPound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knownimagistpoem.

EzraPound（爱兹拉·庞德）

Cathay（1915）《中国》avolumeofChinesetranslation.

Heblue-penciledTheWasteLand《荒原》themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury.Cantos《诗章》，amodernepicPound’smajorworkofpoetry。

HughSelwynMauberley《休·塞尔温·莫伯利》

InaStationoftheMetro《在地铁站》

Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；

Petalsonawet,blackbough.湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。

Appreciationandcomment:

In“InaStationoftheMetro”PoundattemptstoproducetheemotionhefeltwhenhewalkeddownintoaParissubwaystationandsuddenlysawanumberoffacesinthedimlight.Tocapturetheemotion,Poundusestheimageofpetalsonawet,blackbough.Theimageof“petals”isjuxtaposedwithanotherimageof“wet,blackbough.”Theimageisnotdecoration:

Itiscentraltothepoem’smeaning.Infact,itisthepoem’smeaning.

EzraPound’smaincontributiontoAmericanliterature

Ezrapoundisregarded,andrightly,asthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.ImpatientwiththefettersofEnglishtraditionalpoetics,heledtheexperimentinrevolutionizingpoetry.ItwashewhofirstdiscoveredT.S.Eliotandblue-penciledthelatter’sfamouspoem,TheWasteLand.ItwashewhohelpedWilliamButlerYeats,JamesJoyce,D.H.Lawrence,andWilliamcarolsWilliamsintheirliterarycareers.Andhesurvivedthemall,writingcontinuallyrightuptohisdeath.Pound’scontributiontothedevelopmentofmodernpoetryisverygreat.

T.S.Eliot（T.S.艾略特）

TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock《杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》—started1915—isseenasamasterpieceoftheModernistmovement,

Literaryterms:

soliloquy（独白）interiormonologue（内心独白）dramaticmonologue（戏剧独白）motif（主旨，主题）epigraph（题词）

Soliloquyorinteriormonologue（独白或内心独白）:

indrama,anextendedspeechdeliveredbyacharacteraloneonstage.Thecharacterrevealshisorherinnermostthoughtsandfeelingsdirectlytotheaudience,asifthinkingaloud.

Dramaticmonologue（戏剧独白）:

Akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.

Epigraph（主旨）:

aquotationormottoatthebeginningofachapter,book,shortstory,orpoemthatmakessomepointaboutthework.

Motif（题词）:

Arecurringfeature（suchasaname,animage,oraphrase）inaworkofliterature.Amotifgenerallycontributesinsomewaytothethemeofashortstory,novel,poem,orplay.

2）TheWasteLand《荒原》

In1922,EliotpublishedTheWasteLand《荒原》inTheCriterion《标准》.WhichwasthoughtasthemostsignificantAmericanpoemofthe20thcenturyandhelpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.Thepoemissubdividedintofivesections:

I.TheBrurialoftheDeadII.AGameofChessIII.TheFireSermonIV.DeathbywaterV.WhattheThunderSaid

3）TheHollowMen《空心人》（1925）

4）AshWednesday《圣灰星期三》（1927）

5）FourQuartets《四个四重奏》（1943）:

EliotregardedFourQuartetsashismasterpiece,anditistheworkthatledtohisbeingawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature（1948）.

Eliotalsomadesignificantcontributionstothefieldofliterarycriticism,stronglyinfluencingtheschoolofNewCriticism

In1920T.S.EliotpublishedhisTheSacredWood,《圣林》containinghisfamouscriticalessay"TraditionandtheIndividualTalent",《传统与个人才能》

StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening《雪夜林边小驻》TheRoadNotTaken《未选择的路》

（诗歌及赏析见第9页）

WallaceStevens（华莱士史蒂文斯）?

（1879–1955）wasan?

American?

Modernist?

poet

Hewonthe?

PulitzerPrizeforPoetry?

forhis?

CollectedPoems?

in1955.

WilliamCarlosWilliams?

wasanAmericanpoetcloselyassociatedwith?

modernism?

and?

imagism.Hewasalsoapediatricianand?

generalpractitioner?

ofmedicinewitha?

medicaldegreefromthe?

UniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine

RobertLeeFrost（罗伯特弗罗斯特）

HisworkfrequentlyemployedsettingsfromrurallifeinNewEnglandintheearlytwentiethcentury

Frostwashonoredfrequentlyduringhislifetime,receivingfourPulitzerPrizesforPoetry

FrancisScottFitzgerald（F.S`·菲茨杰拉德）

Thespokesmanofthe“roaring20s”“theJazzAge”

美国梦的实践者“爵士乐时代的桂冠诗人”和“喧嚣的二十年代的代言人”

In1920Fitzgerald’sfirstnovelThisSideofParadise《人间天堂》（1920）

secondnovelentitledTheBeautifulandDamned《美丽的和可诅咒的》（1922）

hisbestnovelTheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》（1925）

thenovelTenderistheNight《夜色温柔》（1934）.

TheLastTycoon《最后的大亨》,anovelaboutHollywoodandthefilmindustry.

Fitzgerald’sbooksofshortstoriesincludeFlappersandPhilosophers《时髦女和哲学家》（1921）,TalesoftheJazzAge《爵士时代的故事》（1922）,AlltheSadYoungMan《一代悲哀的年轻人》（1926）

ErnestHemingway（厄内斯特海明威）

Hiseconomicaland?

understated?

stylehadastronginfluenceon?

20th-centuryfiction,

wonthe?

NobelPrizeinLiterature?

in1954.

HewasgenerallyregardedasspokesmanfortheLostGeneration.

TheLostGeneration（迷惘的一代）

1.TheLostGenerationisatermfirstusedbyGertrudeSteintodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:

menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.

2.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.

3.Thethreebest-knownrepresentativesofLostGenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingwayandJohnDosPassos.

hisfirstnovel,TheTorrentsofSpring《春湖》,butTheSunAlsoRises《太阳照常升起》（1926）aboutthedisillusionmentofthelostgenerationwasanimmediatesuccess.WiththesuccessofAFarewelltoArms（1929）《永别了武器》,hefirmlyestablishedhisreputationasagreatAmericanwriter.

TheSunAlsoRises《太阳照常升起》

Hemingwayemployedanepigraph（题词）inthenovelwhichhadbeensaidbyGertrudeSteintodescribetheexpatriatesinParis“Youarealostgeneration.”Thenovelpaintstheimageofthelostgeneration.

AFarewelltoArms《永别了武器》

Itisananti-warnovel,describingthelovebetweenanAmericansoldierFredericHenry（弗瑞德里克亨利）andanEnglishnurseCatherine.（凯瑟琳）

ForWhomtheBellTolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》

IttellsofavolunteerAmericanguerrillaintheSpanishCivilWar.

TheOldManandtheSea.《老人与海》IttellsofaCubanfisherman,Santiago（桑提亚哥）,whocatchesabigfish,onlytoseeitdevouredbysharks.Thenovelhighlightsthethemethatmancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.（你尽可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他）Itisarepresentationoflifeasastruggleagainstunconquerableforcesinwhichonlyapartialvictoryispossible.ThisbookledtoHemingway'sreceiptoftheNovelPrizein1954.

1）Hemingwaywasfamousforhisnovelsandshortstorieswrittenhisspare,laconic,terse,clear,telegraph-like,yetintenseprosewithshortsentencesandveryspecificdetails.Thisstyleishisfamous“IcebergTheory”:

（冰山理论）

IcebergTheory（冰山理论）:

Thinkofaniceberg:

oneeighthofanicebergisabovethewater.Alloftherestisunderneaththewater.ThesameistruewithHemingway’swriting.Hissentencesonlygiveonesmallbitofthemeaning.Therestisimplied.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Hemingway’svocabularyiseasyandhissentencepatternsareeasy,buttheyareextremelydifficulttobefullyunderstood.

Hemingwaytermscourageas“graceunderpressure”theseheroesarecalledHemingwayheroesorthecodehero:

（硬汉）

HemingwayheroesrefertosomeprotagonistsinHemingway'sworks.Suchaherousuallyanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent.Andusuallyheisamanofactionandoffewwords.Hissuchanindividualist,aloneevenwhenwithotherpeople,somewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhereonecannotgethappiness.Forexample,FredericHenryinAFarewelltoArms,JakeBarnesinTheSunAlsoRises,SantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaortheundefeatedbullfighter.

WilliamFaulkner（威廉·福克纳）

Faulkner’sfirstnovelSoldier’sPay《士兵的报酬》wasacceptedbythepublishersin1926.

Faulkner’ssecondnovelMosquitoes（1927）《蚊群》isasatiricalstoryaboutagroupofsouthernartistsandintellectuals.

Theyearsfrom1929to1942wereaperiodofamazingliteraryoutputforFaulkner,suchasTheSoundandtheFury（1929）《喧嚣与骚动》andAsILayDying（1930）.《我弥留之际》

HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1950

Majorworks1.TheSoundandtheFury《喧嚣与骚动》Thebookisdividedinto4sections,largelyreliantonStreamofConsciousnessandMultiplePointofView.

ThisnovelisacomplexaccountofthebreakdownoftheoncedistinguishedandhonoredCompsonfamily.Thebookisdividedinto4sections,largelyreliantonStreamofConsciousnessandMultiplePointofView.Section1isnarratedbyBenjy,theyoungestmemberandan“idiot.”likehisbrothersQuentinandJason,heischieflypreoccupiedwithhissisterCaddy.ForBenjy,herdisappearanceamountstothelossofthecenterofhisuniverse.Section2istoldbyQuentin,aHarvardfreshman.Hecommitssuicide.InSection3,Jason,theeldestson,revealshisbitternessandangerattheopportunitieshehaslostbecauseoftheirresponsibilityandselfishnesswhichhefeelspredominateinthefamily.Section4conc