考研英语二真题及答案完整版.docx
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考研英语二真题及答案完整版
2013年研究生入学考试英语一真题与解析
英语二完型
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.___1___,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionsofsuchasocietyhavebeen___2___fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpayment“wouldsoonrevolutionizethevery___3___ofmoneyitself,”onlyto___4___itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso___5___incoming?
Althoughe-moneymightbemoreconvenientandmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork__6___thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First,itisvery___7___tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe___8___formofpayment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey___9___receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto___10___.Third,theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays___11___acheckiscashedandfundsare___12___fromtheissuer'saccount,whichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcanearninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.___13___electronicpaymentsareimmediate,theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,electronicmeansofpayment___14___securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation___15___there.
Becausethisisnotan___16___occurrence,unscrupulouspersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand___17___fundsbymovingthemfromsomeoneelse’saccountsintotheirown.The___18___ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andawholenewfieldofcomputersciencehasdevelopedto___19___securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic___20___thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldataonbuyinghabits.Thereareworriesthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata,therebyencroachingonourprivacy.
1.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise
2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around
3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role
4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse
5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady
6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on
7.[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive
8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant
9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print
10.[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown
11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when
12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn
13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though
14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease
15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed
16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear
17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return
18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification
19.[A]copewith[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto[D]callfor
20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trail
答案：
1-5:
ADBDC
6-10:
BBDBA
11-15:
ADCCC
16-20:
CABAD
英语二阅读原文及出处：
Text1
Inanessay,entitled“MakingItinAmerica,”inthelatestissueofTheAtlantic,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:
Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines。
”
Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentandsaggingmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseofthequantumadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers。
Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Averageisover。
Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Astheysay,ifhorsescouldhavevoted,thereneverwouldhavebeencars.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,“Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappeared。
”
Andyouain’tseennothin’yet.LastApril,AnnieLowreyofSlatewroteaboutastart-upcalled“ElaCarte”thatisouttoshrinktheneedforwaitersandwaitresses:
Thecompany“hasproducedakindofsouped-upiPadthatletsyouorderandpayrightatyourtable.ThebrainchildofabunchofM.I.T.engineers,theniftyinvention,knownasthePresto,mightbefoundatarestaurantnearyousoon....Youselectwhatyouwanttoeatandadditemstoacart.Dependingontherestaurant’spreferences,theconsolecouldshowyounutritionalinformation,ingredientslistsandphotographs.Youcanmakespecialrequests,like‘dressingontheside’or‘quintuplebacon.’Whenyou’redone,theorderzingsovertothekitchen,andthePrestotellsyouhowlongitwilltakeforyouritemstocomeout....Boredwithyourcompanions?
Playgamesonthemachine.Whenyou’rethroughwithyourmeal,youpayontheconsole,splittingthebillitembyitemifyouwishandpayinghoweveryouwant.Andyoucanhaveyourreceipte-mailedtoyou....Eachconsolegoesfor$100permonth.Ifarestaurantservesmealseighthoursaday,sevendaysaweek,itworksoutto42centsperhourpertable—makingthePrestocheaperthaneventheverycheapestwaiter。
”
WhattheiPadwon’tdoinanaboveaveragewayaChineseworkerwill.ConsiderthisparagraphfromSunday’sterrificarticleinTheTimesbyCharlesDuhiggandKeithBradsheraboutwhyAppledoessomuchofitsmanufacturinginChina:
“ApplehadredesignedtheiPhone’sscreenatthelastminute,forcinganassembly-lineoverhaul.Newscreensbeganarrivingatthe[Chinese]plantnearmidnight.Aforemanimmediatelyroused8,000workersinsidethecompany’sdormitories,accordingtotheexecutive.Eachemployeewasgivenabiscuitandacupoftea,guidedtoaworkstationandwithinhalfanhourstarteda12-hourshiftfittingglassscreensintobeveledframes.Within96hours,theplantwasproducingover10,000iPhonesaday.‘Thespeedandflexibilityisbreathtaking,’theexecutivesaid.‘There’snoAmericanplantthatcanmatchthat.’”
Andautomationisnotjustcomingtomanufacturing,explainsCurtisCarlson,thechiefexecutiveofSRIInternational,aSiliconValleyidealabthatinventedtheAppleiPhoneprogramknownasSiri,thedigitalpersonalassistant.“Siriisthebeginningofahugetransformationinhowweinteractwithbanks,insurancecompanies,retailstores,healthcareproviders,informationretrievalservicesandproductservices。
”
Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.HerearethelatestunemploymentratesfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsforAmericansover25yearsold:
thosewithlessthanahighschooldegree,13.8percent;thosewithahighschooldegreeandnocollege,8.7percent;thosewithsomecollegeorassociatedegree,7.7percent;andthosewithbachelor’sdegreeorhigher,4.1percent。
Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotobuttressemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation。
亚当•戴维森（AdamDavidson）《在美国制造》一文中提到南部种棉地区的一个笑话，内容涉及现代纺织厂自动化的程度：
如今的普通工厂只有两个雇员，“一个人外加一条狗。
人是负责喂狗的，狗是让人不要靠近机器的。
”
我们的失业率为何居高不下、中产阶级收入为何下降，其实大部分是由于大衰退造成的需求大幅下降。
这其中也有全球化和信息科技革命巨大进步的推动：
机器或者外国工人取代劳力的速度空前。
最近有大量文章都在讨论这些，戴维森的文章只是其中一篇而已。
过去，只要有个一般的手艺，做份普通的工作，工人生活就过得还凑合。
但如今，拥有一般水平不行了。
不出众就没法像过去一样活着了。
因为现在越来越多的雇主有大把的机会接触到不错的外国廉价劳动力、便宜的机器人、廉价的软件、低廉的自动化设备和要价低的人才。
因此，人人都需要有另外的价值：
异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。
靠平庸就能过日子的时代结束了。
是的，新技术一直就在吞噬我们的工作，将来还会继续吞噬。
而且吞噬的速度在加快。
俗话说，如果马会投票，那就永远不会有小轿车了。
如戴维森所言，“2009年之前的十年内，美国工厂裁撤工人速度之快，基本上等于过去70年新增的工人数量；大概每三个工作岗位就有一个岗位消失了，总共约有600万之多。
”
还有好戏呢。
去年四月，Slate杂志的安妮•洛瑞（AnnieLowrey）写了一篇初创公司ElaCarte的文章，其目标是减少对服务生的需要：
这家公司“已经生产出了一种增强版的iPad，它可以让您在桌边点菜和买单。
也许很快在身边的餐馆里你就会见到这个麻省理工工程师们的杰作、时髦的发明Presto了。
你可以选择你想吃的，把它放进小推车里。
根据餐馆的选择，控制设备会显示营养信息、成分清单和图片等。
你也可以有具体的需求，比如说‘调料放在边上’或者‘五倍的熏肉’。
你都决定好之后，订单立马会传到厨房，Presto会告诉你所点的东西花多长时间可以出来。
...与同伴等得不耐烦了？
那就再iPad上玩玩游戏吧。
吃完饭之后，你可以在控制设备上付款，如果你愿意，你可以一个菜一个菜地分割账单付款，你也可以选择付款方式。
你还可以要求将收据发邮件给你。
...使用每个控制设备每月需要100美金。
如果一家餐馆每天营业8小时，每周营业7天，那么每张餐桌每小时的成本只有42美分：
因此Presto比最廉价的服务员都便宜。
”
iPad不能以超常方式做的，中国工人都可以做。
来看看查尔斯•杜赫（CharlesDuhigg）和基斯？
布拉德舍（KeithBradsher）在周日在本报（《纽约时报》）上的一篇美文吧，文中有一段讲述了苹果公司为什么将那么多的生产环节放在中国：
“最后一刻，苹果公司重新设计了iPhone的屏幕，因此装配线需要全部调整。
午夜时分
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