XXX防火安全矩阵给排水专业毕业设计中英文对照.docx

XXX防火安全矩阵给排水专业毕业设计中英文对照.docx

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XXX防火安全矩阵给排水专业毕业设计中英文对照

本科毕业设计

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目：

Thefiresafetydesignof

apartmentbuildings

文献、资料来源：

著作

文献、资料出版日期：

院（部）：

市政与环境工程学院

专业：

给水排水工程

班级：

姓名：

学号：

指导教师：

翻译日期：

外文文献：

THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGS

13FIRESAFETYMATRIX

Theobjectiveofthisfiresafetymatrixistoprovideaguideforthefireengineeringdesignofapartmentbuildings.Thematrixisonlyintendedforguidanceandanappropriatelyqualifiedfiresafetyengineershouldverifythefinaldesign.

Thethreemainfirescenariosthatshouldbeconsideredinthedesignofapartmentbuildingsare:

asmoulderingfireinanapartment,aflamingfireinanapartmentandafireincommonspaces（iestairsandcorridors）.

Irrespectiveofthebuildingandoccupantcharacteristics,someminimalfiresafetymeasuresshouldbeimplementedinallapartments.Thefollowingisalistofessentialfiresafetymeasuresthatshouldbeprovidedinallapartmentbuildings:

1Smokedetectors

2Heating,ventilationandairconditioning（HVAC）systemtoshutdownonfirealarm

3A30-minuteminimumfireresistancebetweenapartments,verticalshaftsandfloors.

13.1Emergencystrategy

Briefdescriptionsoftheemergencystrategy,oremergencyplansusedinthematrixareprovidedbelow.

1Evacuation–onalarmalloccupantsevacuatethebuilding.

2Nonevacuation–occupantsintheroomoffireoriginevacuatethebuilding.Otheroccupantsremainintheirrooms,waitingforfirebrigadeassistanceandadvice,andcarryoutprotect-in-placeactivities.

3Stagedevacuation–occupantsintheroomoffireoriginandonthefirefloorevacuatefirst.Theremainingoccupantsaredirectedtoevacuateautomaticallyinthefollowingsequenceuntilthefirebrigadeintervenes.Occupantsimmediatelyabovethefirefloorevacuateafterthoseonthefirefloor,followedbythefloorsabove.Occupantsonlevelsbelowthefirefloorareevacuatedlast.

Firebrigadeinterventioncanalterthesequenceofevacuation,orhalttheevacuationinresponsetocurrentconditionsoranychanges.

13.2Occupantsatrisk

Forthethreefirescenariosandthethreeemergencystrategies,thefollowingmatrixoutlinestheoccupantsthataremostatrisk.

13.3Matrixvariables

Thefiresafetydesignofapartmentbuildingsconsistsofnumerousvariablesandinterdependencies.Thesevariableshavetobeconsideredconcurrentlytoprovidethemosteffectivedesign.

Theselectionoffiresafetymeasuresinmanycasesresultsinatrade-offbetweenvariousalternatives.Forexample,sprinklerprotectioncanpermitareductioninfireresistanceratingrequiredforbuildingsandmayallowextendedtraveldistances.Thesetrade-offsandinterrelationshipsbetweenfiresafetymeasuresneedtobeconsideredtoobtainthemostefficientandeffectivefiresafetydesign.

Table14listssomeofthefiresafetymeasuresthatshouldbeconsideredforapartmentbuildings.Thevariablespresentedarenotacomprehensivelist,andotherfiresafetymeasuresmaybemoreappropriateformorecomplexdesigns.

Table14–Matrixvariables

13.4Buildingsgreaterthan25m

Thefiresafetymatrixforbuildingsgreaterthan25mhighispresentedinTable15.Thematrixprovidestherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresforapartmentbuildingswithrespecttosprinklerprotectionandtheemergencystrategy.Thematrixprovidesasimplemethodofdeterminingsomeoftheminimumfiresafetyrequirementsofanapartmentbuilding.Itcanalsobeusedtoevaluatewhichtypeofemergencystrategywouldbemosteffective,orwhensprinklerswouldbebeneficialgivencertainbuildingconditions.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresispvidedinSection14.1.

Table15–Firesafetymatrix:

buildingsgreaterthan25m

theabovematrixaredesignedtoprovideatleasttwolevelsofprotectionfortheoccupants.Asthebuildingheightincreases,thenumberoffireprotectionmeasuresalsoincreasestoprovideadditionallevelsofprotectionandmaintainthelevelofsafetyfortheoccupants.

Table16summarisestheoccupantswhoaremostatriskandthelevelsoffiresafetyprovidedbytheabovefiresafetymatrix.Table17providesthecellkeyforidentifyingthedesignatedcellsinTable16.Thiskeyremainsthesameforallcasespresented.

Table16–Levelsoffiresafety（buildingsgreaterthan25m）

Table17–Cellkey

13.5Buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m

Thefiresafetymatrixforbuildingsgreaterthanthreestoriesandlessthan25mhighispresentedinTable18.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresisprovidedinSection14.2.

Table18–Firesafetymatrix:

buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m

Table19–Levelsoffiresafety（buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m）

13.6Buildingslessthanthreestoreys

ThefiresafetymatrixforbuildingslessthanthreestoriesispresentedinTable20.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresisprovidedinSection14.3.

Table20–Firesafetymatrix:

buildingslessthanthreestoreys

Table21–Levelsoffiresafety（buildingslessthanthreestoreys）

14DISCUSSIONOFFIRESAFETYMATRIX

Thefiresafetymatrixconsidersthebuildingheight,sprinklerprotectionandtheemergencystrategyastheprimaryvariables.Thisisduetothehighinfluencethattheinteractionsofthesevariableshaveonotherfiresafetymeasures.Inadditiontothis,thefireengineercanspecifytheemergencystrategyandsprinklerprotectionforthebuildingthatwillprovideflexibilitytothematrix.Thereforeoncetheextentofthesethreevariableshasbeendeterminedtheremainingfiresafetysystemscanbeselectedtosuitthebuilding.

Theobjectiveofthefiresafetyrecommendationsistoaddresskeyissuesthatresultfromagivensetofbuildingcharacteristics,whileprovidingmultiplelevelsofprotectionforoccupantsintheeventofafire.Thisprovidesabackuporredundancyinthedesignintheeventofonepartofthesystemfailing.Forexample,ifthesprinklersystemfailstheoccupantswillbeprotectedwithpassiveprotectionandsmokecontrolsystems.

Thefollowingsectionsdiscussthethreebuildingheightlimitswithrespecttothefiresafetymeasuresthathavebeenrecommended.Thestagedevacuationstrategyhasnotbeendiscussedseparatelyasitisacombinationoftheothertwostrategiesandthesamefundamentalprinciplesapply.

14.1Buildingsgreaterthan25minheight.

Oncebuildingsexceed25minheight,theabilityofthefirebrigadetorescueoccupantsexternallybecomeslimited.Therefore,ahigherleveloffiresafetyneedstobeprovidedtothestairsandescapepaths.Emergencyliftsarealsoconsideredanoptiontoproviderapidaccessforthefirebrigadeandegressfordisabledoccupants.

Asbuildingsbecometallertheleveloffireprotectionneedstoincrease.Thisisdueto:

1Furthertraveldistances,resultinginahigherchanceofexposuretofireandfire

products,andlongerexposuretime.

2Thereducedabilityofthefirebrigadetorescuepeopleexternally

3Theincreasedtimeforthefirebrigadetoreachupperlevels

4Moreoccupants,resultinginahigherriskofinjuryanddeaths

5Thereisagreatervariabilityinoccupantabilitiesandhumanbehaviour,dueto

thegreaternumberofoccupants

5Therearemoresourcesofignitionandfire

14.1.1Evacuationinbuildingsgreaterthan25m

Anevacuationstrategyreliesontheprotectionofegresspaths,aswellastheprotectionofoccupantsintheirapartmentsbeforeevacuation.Theprotectionofegresspathsiscriticaltoensureoccupantsarenotevacuatingthroughuntenableconditions.Inbuildingsgreaterthan25mhigh,egressdistancescanbeconsiderableandtherefore,thetimeoccupantsspendinescapepathscanbesignificant.

Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:

1.Thesprinklersystem.Thesprinklerswillactivateandextinguishorcontrolthefire,reducingthethreattooccupants.

2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.Rooms,corridorsandstairshaftsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast30minutes.Thiswillcontainthefireintheroomoforiginandprotectoccupantsbeforeandduringegress.Self-closersprovidedondoorsaretoensurethefiredoesnotspreadtothecorridor.Thestairsaretobepressurisedtolimitsmokespread,provideapartialsafeegresspathsandprovideasmokefreeareaforthefirebrigade.

3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thefirebrigade’srolewouldbetoassistanyremainingoccupantsandextinguishthefire.Aconnectionntothefirebrigadewillbeprovidedtoachieveafasterresponse.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthesystemsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:

1.AnincreasedFRRto60minutesminimum.Thisistoprovideadditionaltimeforoccupantevacuationandfirebrigadeintervention.IfoccupantschoosetostayintheirapartmentstheincreasedFRRwillprovideahigherlevelofprotection.

2.Connectiontothefirebrigade.Toensureafasterresponsebythebrigadetoafire.

3.Emergencyliftstoaidegressandfirebrigadeaccess

4.Zonedsmokecontrolsystem.Thisistoensuresmokespreadthroughthebuildingisminimised.Thisshouldincludestairandcorridorpressurisationtoreducethechanceofsmokespreadintotheescapepaths.

5.Liftandstairlobbiestoprovideanadditionalbarrieragainstsmokeandanareawhereoccupantscanwaitforliftsorfurtherinstructions.Theseareascanbeusedasrefugeareasorotherpressurisedrefugeareasshouldbeprovided.

6.Emergencywarningandint