XXX防火安全矩阵给排水专业毕业设计中英文对照.docx
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XXX防火安全矩阵给排水专业毕业设计中英文对照
本科毕业设计
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目:
Thefiresafetydesignof
apartmentbuildings
文献、资料来源:
著作
文献、资料出版日期:
院(部):
市政与环境工程学院
专业:
给水排水工程
班级:
姓名:
学号:
指导教师:
翻译日期:
外文文献:
THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGS
13FIRESAFETYMATRIX
Theobjectiveofthisfiresafetymatrixistoprovideaguideforthefireengineeringdesignofapartmentbuildings.Thematrixisonlyintendedforguidanceandanappropriatelyqualifiedfiresafetyengineershouldverifythefinaldesign.
Thethreemainfirescenariosthatshouldbeconsideredinthedesignofapartmentbuildingsare:
asmoulderingfireinanapartment,aflamingfireinanapartmentandafireincommonspaces(iestairsandcorridors).
Irrespectiveofthebuildingandoccupantcharacteristics,someminimalfiresafetymeasuresshouldbeimplementedinallapartments.Thefollowingisalistofessentialfiresafetymeasuresthatshouldbeprovidedinallapartmentbuildings:
1Smokedetectors
2Heating,ventilationandairconditioning(HVAC)systemtoshutdownonfirealarm
3A30-minuteminimumfireresistancebetweenapartments,verticalshaftsandfloors.
13.1Emergencystrategy
Briefdescriptionsoftheemergencystrategy,oremergencyplansusedinthematrixareprovidedbelow.
1Evacuation–onalarmalloccupantsevacuatethebuilding.
2Nonevacuation–occupantsintheroomoffireoriginevacuatethebuilding.Otheroccupantsremainintheirrooms,waitingforfirebrigadeassistanceandadvice,andcarryoutprotect-in-placeactivities.
3Stagedevacuation–occupantsintheroomoffireoriginandonthefirefloorevacuatefirst.Theremainingoccupantsaredirectedtoevacuateautomaticallyinthefollowingsequenceuntilthefirebrigadeintervenes.Occupantsimmediatelyabovethefirefloorevacuateafterthoseonthefirefloor,followedbythefloorsabove.Occupantsonlevelsbelowthefirefloorareevacuatedlast.
Firebrigadeinterventioncanalterthesequenceofevacuation,orhalttheevacuationinresponsetocurrentconditionsoranychanges.
13.2Occupantsatrisk
Forthethreefirescenariosandthethreeemergencystrategies,thefollowingmatrixoutlinestheoccupantsthataremostatrisk.
13.3Matrixvariables
Thefiresafetydesignofapartmentbuildingsconsistsofnumerousvariablesandinterdependencies.Thesevariableshavetobeconsideredconcurrentlytoprovidethemosteffectivedesign.
Theselectionoffiresafetymeasuresinmanycasesresultsinatrade-offbetweenvariousalternatives.Forexample,sprinklerprotectioncanpermitareductioninfireresistanceratingrequiredforbuildingsandmayallowextendedtraveldistances.Thesetrade-offsandinterrelationshipsbetweenfiresafetymeasuresneedtobeconsideredtoobtainthemostefficientandeffectivefiresafetydesign.
Table14listssomeofthefiresafetymeasuresthatshouldbeconsideredforapartmentbuildings.Thevariablespresentedarenotacomprehensivelist,andotherfiresafetymeasuresmaybemoreappropriateformorecomplexdesigns.
Table14–Matrixvariables
13.4Buildingsgreaterthan25m
Thefiresafetymatrixforbuildingsgreaterthan25mhighispresentedinTable15.Thematrixprovidestherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresforapartmentbuildingswithrespecttosprinklerprotectionandtheemergencystrategy.Thematrixprovidesasimplemethodofdeterminingsomeoftheminimumfiresafetyrequirementsofanapartmentbuilding.Itcanalsobeusedtoevaluatewhichtypeofemergencystrategywouldbemosteffective,orwhensprinklerswouldbebeneficialgivencertainbuildingconditions.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresispvidedinSection14.1.
Table15–Firesafetymatrix:
buildingsgreaterthan25m
theabovematrixaredesignedtoprovideatleasttwolevelsofprotectionfortheoccupants.Asthebuildingheightincreases,thenumberoffireprotectionmeasuresalsoincreasestoprovideadditionallevelsofprotectionandmaintainthelevelofsafetyfortheoccupants.
Table16summarisestheoccupantswhoaremostatriskandthelevelsoffiresafetyprovidedbytheabovefiresafetymatrix.Table17providesthecellkeyforidentifyingthedesignatedcellsinTable16.Thiskeyremainsthesameforallcasespresented.
Table16–Levelsoffiresafety(buildingsgreaterthan25m)
Table17–Cellkey
13.5Buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m
Thefiresafetymatrixforbuildingsgreaterthanthreestoriesandlessthan25mhighispresentedinTable18.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresisprovidedinSection14.2.
Table18–Firesafetymatrix:
buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m
Table19–Levelsoffiresafety(buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m)
13.6Buildingslessthanthreestoreys
ThefiresafetymatrixforbuildingslessthanthreestoriesispresentedinTable20.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresisprovidedinSection14.3.
Table20–Firesafetymatrix:
buildingslessthanthreestoreys
Table21–Levelsoffiresafety(buildingslessthanthreestoreys)
14DISCUSSIONOFFIRESAFETYMATRIX
Thefiresafetymatrixconsidersthebuildingheight,sprinklerprotectionandtheemergencystrategyastheprimaryvariables.Thisisduetothehighinfluencethattheinteractionsofthesevariableshaveonotherfiresafetymeasures.Inadditiontothis,thefireengineercanspecifytheemergencystrategyandsprinklerprotectionforthebuildingthatwillprovideflexibilitytothematrix.Thereforeoncetheextentofthesethreevariableshasbeendeterminedtheremainingfiresafetysystemscanbeselectedtosuitthebuilding.
Theobjectiveofthefiresafetyrecommendationsistoaddresskeyissuesthatresultfromagivensetofbuildingcharacteristics,whileprovidingmultiplelevelsofprotectionforoccupantsintheeventofafire.Thisprovidesabackuporredundancyinthedesignintheeventofonepartofthesystemfailing.Forexample,ifthesprinklersystemfailstheoccupantswillbeprotectedwithpassiveprotectionandsmokecontrolsystems.
Thefollowingsectionsdiscussthethreebuildingheightlimitswithrespecttothefiresafetymeasuresthathavebeenrecommended.Thestagedevacuationstrategyhasnotbeendiscussedseparatelyasitisacombinationoftheothertwostrategiesandthesamefundamentalprinciplesapply.
14.1Buildingsgreaterthan25minheight.
Oncebuildingsexceed25minheight,theabilityofthefirebrigadetorescueoccupantsexternallybecomeslimited.Therefore,ahigherleveloffiresafetyneedstobeprovidedtothestairsandescapepaths.Emergencyliftsarealsoconsideredanoptiontoproviderapidaccessforthefirebrigadeandegressfordisabledoccupants.
Asbuildingsbecometallertheleveloffireprotectionneedstoincrease.Thisisdueto:
1Furthertraveldistances,resultinginahigherchanceofexposuretofireandfire
products,andlongerexposuretime.
2Thereducedabilityofthefirebrigadetorescuepeopleexternally
3Theincreasedtimeforthefirebrigadetoreachupperlevels
4Moreoccupants,resultinginahigherriskofinjuryanddeaths
5Thereisagreatervariabilityinoccupantabilitiesandhumanbehaviour,dueto
thegreaternumberofoccupants
5Therearemoresourcesofignitionandfire
14.1.1Evacuationinbuildingsgreaterthan25m
Anevacuationstrategyreliesontheprotectionofegresspaths,aswellastheprotectionofoccupantsintheirapartmentsbeforeevacuation.Theprotectionofegresspathsiscriticaltoensureoccupantsarenotevacuatingthroughuntenableconditions.Inbuildingsgreaterthan25mhigh,egressdistancescanbeconsiderableandtherefore,thetimeoccupantsspendinescapepathscanbesignificant.
Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:
1.Thesprinklersystem.Thesprinklerswillactivateandextinguishorcontrolthefire,reducingthethreattooccupants.
2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.Rooms,corridorsandstairshaftsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast30minutes.Thiswillcontainthefireintheroomoforiginandprotectoccupantsbeforeandduringegress.Self-closersprovidedondoorsaretoensurethefiredoesnotspreadtothecorridor.Thestairsaretobepressurisedtolimitsmokespread,provideapartialsafeegresspathsandprovideasmokefreeareaforthefirebrigade.
3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thefirebrigade’srolewouldbetoassistanyremainingoccupantsandextinguishthefire.Aconnectionntothefirebrigadewillbeprovidedtoachieveafasterresponse.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthesystemsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:
1.AnincreasedFRRto60minutesminimum.Thisistoprovideadditionaltimeforoccupantevacuationandfirebrigadeintervention.IfoccupantschoosetostayintheirapartmentstheincreasedFRRwillprovideahigherlevelofprotection.
2.Connectiontothefirebrigade.Toensureafasterresponsebythebrigadetoafire.
3.Emergencyliftstoaidegressandfirebrigadeaccess
4.Zonedsmokecontrolsystem.Thisistoensuresmokespreadthroughthebuildingisminimised.Thisshouldincludestairandcorridorpressurisationtoreducethechanceofsmokespreadintotheescapepaths.
5.Liftandstairlobbiestoprovideanadditionalbarrieragainstsmokeandanareawhereoccupantscanwaitforliftsorfurtherinstructions.Theseareascanbeusedasrefugeareasorotherpressurisedrefugeareasshouldbeprovided.
6.Emergencywarningandint