Lecture5WordFormation英语词汇学教案.docx

Lecture5WordFormation英语词汇学教案.docx

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Lecture5WordFormation英语词汇学教案

Lecture5

讲授题目：

WordFormationⅠ

v所属章节：

《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章

v计划学时：

4periods

v教学方法：

传统讲授法

v参考资料：

《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》

v教学目的和要求：

通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：

词缀法、复合法、转类法。

v教学重点：

1）Affixation;

2）Compounding;

3）Conversion.

v教学难点：

Theabove-mentionedword-formations.

TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword-formation.Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.

AccordingtoPylesandAlgeo（1982）,wordsproducedthroughaffixationconstitute30%to40%ofthetotalnumberofnewwords;compoundingyields28%to30%ofallthenewwords;conversiongivesus26%ofthenewvocabulary.Therestofnewwordscomeformshorteningincludingclippingandacronymy,amountingto8%to10%,togetherwith1%to5%ofwordsbornoutofblendingandothermeans.

Talkingaboutword-formingpatternsmeansdealingwithrules.Butaruleofword-formationusuallydiffersfromasyntacticrule.Notallthewordsthatareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.Forexample,theexistenceoftheactualEnglishwordsunclean,unwise,unfairdoesnotensuretheacceptanceofunsad,unexcellent.

Therefore,rulesthemselvesarenotfixedbutundergochangestoacertainextent.Forexample,theOldEnglish–thwhichisfoundinwarmth,length,depth,width,derivedfromadjectiveswarm,long,deep,wide,butbroadisnolongerusedtoformnewwordbroadth（※coolth）---（Quirk,etal1985）.

Byword-formationprocesses,weconcentrateonproductiveormarginallyproductiverules.Whileapplyingtherules,weshouldrememberthattherearealwaysexceptions.

（在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。

必须记住，规则都有例外。

）

1.Affixation（词缀法）

Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionswhichaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:

prefixationandsuffixation.

1）Prefixation（前缀法）

※Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

※Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,present-dayEnglishfindsanincreasingnumberofclass-changingprefixes,forexample:

asleep,alike,alive（a-+v.→adj.）a-（in,to,at,on）

encourage,entrain,endanger（en-+n.→v.）en-（toputorgetinto）

enlarge,enrich,enable（en-+adj.→v.）en-（tocausetobe）

belittle,becalm（be-+adj.→v.）

bedazzle,bewitch（be-+n.→v.）be-（tomake,tocausetobe）

deplane,detrain（de-+n.→v.）

de-（togetoff）

postwar,postliberation（post-+n.→adj.）post-（after,laterthan）

inter-laboratory,intercollege（inter-+n.→adj.）inter-（between,among）

Thesemakeuponlyaninsignificantnumberinthehugecontemporaryvocabulary.

Themajorityofprefixesarecharacterizedbytheirnon-classchangingnature.Theirchieffunctionistochangemeaningsofthestems.Accordingly,weshallclassifyprefixesonasemanticbasisintoninegroups.

1）Negativeprefixes

Prefixation

vOrder

vLiterate

vSymmetry

vGovernmental

vRelevant

vProductive

vBelievable

vVulnerable

vSane

vRelated

vAligned

vMature

vDisorder

vIlliterate

vAsymmetry

vNongovernmental

vIrrelevant

vUnproductive

vUnbelievable

vInvulnerable

vInsane

vUnrelated

vNonaligned

vImmature

※Ofthisgroup,un-isbyfarthemostproductiveandcanusuallyreplacein-ordis-withadjectivesforactualuseasinunreplaceable,unmovableforirreplaceableandimmovable.

2）ReversativePrefixes

Prefixation

vCentralize

vPlane

vInfect

vZip

vRegulate

vPossess

vPollute

vDecentralize

vDeplane

vDisinfect

vUnzip

vDeregulate

vDispossess

vDepollute

3）Pejorativeprefixes

Prefixation

v4）Prefixesofdegreeorsize

Prefixation

vComputer

vCritical

vConscious

vNatural

vSensitive

vSimple

vNumber

vStatement

vculture

vMinicomputer

vUltracritic/hypercritic

vSubconscious

vSupernatural

vHypersensitive/ultrasensitive

vOversimple

vOutnumber

vUnderstatement

vSubculture

5）Prefixesoforientationandattitude

Prefixation

v6）Locativeprefixes

Prefixation

vView

vConference

vContinental

vGround

vCast

vSpecific

vRacial

vShore

vInterview

vteleconference

vIntercontinental

vForeground

vTelecast

vTranspacific

vTransracial

vForeshore

Prefixation

v7）Prefixesoftimeandorder

Prefixation

v8）Numberprefixes

Prefixation

⑨Miscellaneousprefixes:

auto–（self）:

autobiography,autonomy,autonym.

vnoe-（new）:

neoclassicism,neologism,neonatal（初生的）

vpan-（all）:

pan-European,panacea（万灵药）,panorama（全景，全图）.

vvice-（inplaceof）:

vice-president,vice-minister,vice-govemor副州长

2）Suffixation后缀法

Suffixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

Suffixesareoftwokinds:

classchangingandclassmaintaining.

Class-changingsuffixeschangethewordclassofthewordtowhichtheyareadded,e.g.–ityinelectricity.Class-maintainingsuffixesdonotchangethewordclassbutchangesthemeaningofthederivative,e.g–hoodinboyhood.Unlikeprefixes,mostoftheEnglishsuffixesareclass-changing.

Suffixation

vTheclassificationofsuffixes

›Sincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto

v1）nounsuffixes

v2）adjectivesuffixes

v3）adverbsuffixes

v4）verbsuffixes

v1）Nounsuffixes

›Nounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.

vDenominalnouns（来自名词的名词）

vDeverbalnouns（来自动词的名词）

vDe-adjectivalnouns（来自形容词的名词）

vNounandadjectivesuffixes

v2）AdjectiveSuffixes

v3）AdverbSuffixes

v4）Verbsuffixes

vFalse

vSterile

vIntense

vFat

vHorror

vMemory

vApology

vFalsify

vSterilize

vIntensify

vFatten

vHorrify

vMemorize

vApologize

Somemodernaffixes

v1.Mega-（verylarge）

vMegacity特大城市

vMegadestruction大毁灭

vMegagame大赛

vMegastructure超级建筑

vMegarich十分富有

vMegaversity超级大学

v2.Cyber-（automatic/computerized）

vCyberculture电脑化文化/电脑化社会

vCyberbrain电脑

vCyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术

vCyber-security网络安全

vCyber-space网络虚拟空间

vCyber-privacy网络隐私

vCyber-sex网络色情

vCyber-punk网络高手

vcyberfiction网络小说

v3.Hyper-（super/toomuch）

vHypermedia超媒体

vHyperlinks超级链接

vHyperfriction过度摩擦

vHyperslow极缓慢的

vHyperverbal说话过多的

vHyperaccess超级访问软件

vHypertext超文本

Somemodernaffixes

v4.Info-（information）

vInfotech信息技术

vInfocenter信息中心

vInfotainment信息娱乐节目

vInfomercial信息商业化的/商业信息片

v5.nano-（onebillionth）

vNanotech纳米技术

vNanofabrication纳米加工

vNanocomputer超高速电脑

v6.techno-（technology）

vTechnomania技术热

vTechnophobia恐技术症

vTechnocracy专家政治、技术专家治国制度

vtechno-centric以技术为中心的

v7.tele-（long-distancetransfer/television）

vTelead电话约定广告

vTelebanking电脑化银行业务

vTelebus电话叫车/租车

vTelecenter远程计算中心

vTele-education远程教育

Somemodernaffixes

v8.E-（electronic）

vE-mail电子邮件

vE-text电子文本

vE-zine电子杂志

vE-cash电子货币

v9.Of-（office）

vOftel办公电话

vOflot公司内部停车场地

vOfbank银行办事处

Somemodernaffixes

v10.-bot（robot）

vKnowbot智力机器人

vMobot移动机器人

vMicrobot微型机器人

v11.–size（measurements）

vDownsize缩小

vUpsize放大

vRightsize按比例制作

vlife-size按实物大小制作

v12.–nick（以…..为特征的人；参加….的人）

vEarthnick地球人

vComputernick电脑迷

vPeacenick追求和平者

vJobnick工作迷

vNo-goodnick不怀好意者

v13.-centric（ofthecenter/taking…asthecenter）

vMale-centric以男士为主的

vNet-CentricWar网络中心战

vIBMcompatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主的User-centric以用户为中心的

v14.–ware（articlesofthesamekind）

vGlassware玻璃器皿

vSoft/hardware软/硬件

vMiddleware中间设备

vSilverware银器

vWarehouse仓库

v15.franken-（转基因的；经过基因工程的）

vFrankenfruit转基因水果

vFrankenfood转基因食品

vFrankenplant转基因植物

2.Compounding（复合法/合成法）

Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa‘lexicalunitconsistingmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword’（Quirketal1985）.

Compounding

vFormsofcompounds

›Solid:

bedtime,honeymoon

›Hyphenated:

above-mentioned,town-planning

›Open:

readingmaterial,hotline

Compounding

vTypesofcompounds

›Nouncompounds

›Adjectivecompounds

›Verbcompounds

Compounding

vNouncompounds

›Headache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis

Compounding

vAdjectivecompounds

›Weather-beatenrocks,peacelovingpeople,everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespotinspection,taxfreeproducts,fire-proofdress

Compounding

vVerbcompounds

›Formedbyback-formation

vhouse-keepfromhousekeeper

vwindowshopfromwindow-shopping

vmassproducefrommassproduction

vhen-peckfromhen-pecked

vspoon-feedfromspoon-fed.

Compounding

vVerbcompounds

›Formedbyconversion

vtoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.

3.Conversion（词类转化法/转类法）

Thedefinitionofconversion

①Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.

›②Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation（零位派生）.

Conversion

vMajortypesofconversion

›Noun-verbconversion

›Verb-nounconversion

›Adjective-nounconversion

vNoun-verbcon