Lecture5WordFormation英语词汇学教案.docx
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Lecture5WordFormation英语词汇学教案
Lecture5
讲授题目:
WordFormationⅠ
v所属章节:
《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章
v计划学时:
4periods
v教学方法:
传统讲授法
v参考资料:
《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》
v教学目的和要求:
通过本单元的学习,学生对英语的构词法有初步了解,尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法:
词缀法、复合法、转类法。
v教学重点:
1)Affixation;
2)Compounding;
3)Conversion.
v教学难点:
Theabove-mentionedword-formations.
TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword-formation.Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.
AccordingtoPylesandAlgeo(1982),wordsproducedthroughaffixationconstitute30%to40%ofthetotalnumberofnewwords;compoundingyields28%to30%ofallthenewwords;conversiongivesus26%ofthenewvocabulary.Therestofnewwordscomeformshorteningincludingclippingandacronymy,amountingto8%to10%,togetherwith1%to5%ofwordsbornoutofblendingandothermeans.
Talkingaboutword-formingpatternsmeansdealingwithrules.Butaruleofword-formationusuallydiffersfromasyntacticrule.Notallthewordsthatareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.Forexample,theexistenceoftheactualEnglishwordsunclean,unwise,unfairdoesnotensuretheacceptanceofunsad,unexcellent.
Therefore,rulesthemselvesarenotfixedbutundergochangestoacertainextent.Forexample,theOldEnglish–thwhichisfoundinwarmth,length,depth,width,derivedfromadjectiveswarm,long,deep,wide,butbroadisnolongerusedtoformnewwordbroadth(※coolth)---(Quirk,etal1985).
Byword-formationprocesses,weconcentrateonproductiveormarginallyproductiverules.Whileapplyingtherules,weshouldrememberthattherearealwaysexceptions.
(在构词过程中,我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。
必须记住,规则都有例外。
)
1.Affixation(词缀法)
Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionswhichaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:
prefixationandsuffixation.
1)Prefixation(前缀法)
※Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.
※Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,present-dayEnglishfindsanincreasingnumberofclass-changingprefixes,forexample:
asleep,alike,alive(a-+v.→adj.)a-(in,to,at,on)
encourage,entrain,endanger(en-+n.→v.)en-(toputorgetinto)
enlarge,enrich,enable(en-+adj.→v.)en-(tocausetobe)
belittle,becalm(be-+adj.→v.)
bedazzle,bewitch(be-+n.→v.)be-(tomake,tocausetobe)
deplane,detrain(de-+n.→v.)
de-(togetoff)
postwar,postliberation(post-+n.→adj.)post-(after,laterthan)
inter-laboratory,intercollege(inter-+n.→adj.)inter-(between,among)
Thesemakeuponlyaninsignificantnumberinthehugecontemporaryvocabulary.
Themajorityofprefixesarecharacterizedbytheirnon-classchangingnature.Theirchieffunctionistochangemeaningsofthestems.Accordingly,weshallclassifyprefixesonasemanticbasisintoninegroups.
1)Negativeprefixes
Prefixation
vOrder
vLiterate
vSymmetry
vGovernmental
vRelevant
vProductive
vBelievable
vVulnerable
vSane
vRelated
vAligned
vMature
vDisorder
vIlliterate
vAsymmetry
vNongovernmental
vIrrelevant
vUnproductive
vUnbelievable
vInvulnerable
vInsane
vUnrelated
vNonaligned
vImmature
※Ofthisgroup,un-isbyfarthemostproductiveandcanusuallyreplacein-ordis-withadjectivesforactualuseasinunreplaceable,unmovableforirreplaceableandimmovable.
2)ReversativePrefixes
Prefixation
vCentralize
vPlane
vInfect
vZip
vRegulate
vPossess
vPollute
vDecentralize
vDeplane
vDisinfect
vUnzip
vDeregulate
vDispossess
vDepollute
3)Pejorativeprefixes
Prefixation
v4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize
Prefixation
vComputer
vCritical
vConscious
vNatural
vSensitive
vSimple
vNumber
vStatement
vculture
vMinicomputer
vUltracritic/hypercritic
vSubconscious
vSupernatural
vHypersensitive/ultrasensitive
vOversimple
vOutnumber
vUnderstatement
vSubculture
5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude
Prefixation
v6)Locativeprefixes
Prefixation
vView
vConference
vContinental
vGround
vCast
vSpecific
vRacial
vShore
vInterview
vteleconference
vIntercontinental
vForeground
vTelecast
vTranspacific
vTransracial
vForeshore
Prefixation
v7)Prefixesoftimeandorder
Prefixation
v8)Numberprefixes
Prefixation
⑨Miscellaneousprefixes:
auto–(self):
autobiography,autonomy,autonym.
vnoe-(new):
neoclassicism,neologism,neonatal(初生的)
vpan-(all):
pan-European,panacea(万灵药),panorama(全景,全图).
vvice-(inplaceof):
vice-president,vice-minister,vice-govemor副州长
2)Suffixation后缀法
Suffixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.
Suffixesareoftwokinds:
classchangingandclassmaintaining.
Class-changingsuffixeschangethewordclassofthewordtowhichtheyareadded,e.g.–ityinelectricity.Class-maintainingsuffixesdonotchangethewordclassbutchangesthemeaningofthederivative,e.g–hoodinboyhood.Unlikeprefixes,mostoftheEnglishsuffixesareclass-changing.
Suffixation
vTheclassificationofsuffixes
›Sincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto
v1)nounsuffixes
v2)adjectivesuffixes
v3)adverbsuffixes
v4)verbsuffixes
v1)Nounsuffixes
›Nounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.
vDenominalnouns(来自名词的名词)
vDeverbalnouns(来自动词的名词)
vDe-adjectivalnouns(来自形容词的名词)
vNounandadjectivesuffixes
v2)AdjectiveSuffixes
v3)AdverbSuffixes
v4)Verbsuffixes
vFalse
vSterile
vIntense
vFat
vHorror
vMemory
vApology
vFalsify
vSterilize
vIntensify
vFatten
vHorrify
vMemorize
vApologize
Somemodernaffixes
v1.Mega-(verylarge)
vMegacity特大城市
vMegadestruction大毁灭
vMegagame大赛
vMegastructure超级建筑
vMegarich十分富有
vMegaversity超级大学
v2.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)
vCyberculture电脑化文化/电脑化社会
vCyberbrain电脑
vCyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术
vCyber-security网络安全
vCyber-space网络虚拟空间
vCyber-privacy网络隐私
vCyber-sex网络色情
vCyber-punk网络高手
vcyberfiction网络小说
v3.Hyper-(super/toomuch)
vHypermedia超媒体
vHyperlinks超级链接
vHyperfriction过度摩擦
vHyperslow极缓慢的
vHyperverbal说话过多的
vHyperaccess超级访问软件
vHypertext超文本
Somemodernaffixes
v4.Info-(information)
vInfotech信息技术
vInfocenter信息中心
vInfotainment信息娱乐节目
vInfomercial信息商业化的/商业信息片
v5.nano-(onebillionth)
vNanotech纳米技术
vNanofabrication纳米加工
vNanocomputer超高速电脑
v6.techno-(technology)
vTechnomania技术热
vTechnophobia恐技术症
vTechnocracy专家政治、技术专家治国制度
vtechno-centric以技术为中心的
v7.tele-(long-distancetransfer/television)
vTelead电话约定广告
vTelebanking电脑化银行业务
vTelebus电话叫车/租车
vTelecenter远程计算中心
vTele-education远程教育
Somemodernaffixes
v8.E-(electronic)
vE-mail电子邮件
vE-text电子文本
vE-zine电子杂志
vE-cash电子货币
v9.Of-(office)
vOftel办公电话
vOflot公司内部停车场地
vOfbank银行办事处
Somemodernaffixes
v10.-bot(robot)
vKnowbot智力机器人
vMobot移动机器人
vMicrobot微型机器人
v11.–size(measurements)
vDownsize缩小
vUpsize放大
vRightsize按比例制作
vlife-size按实物大小制作
v12.–nick(以…..为特征的人;参加….的人)
vEarthnick地球人
vComputernick电脑迷
vPeacenick追求和平者
vJobnick工作迷
vNo-goodnick不怀好意者
v13.-centric(ofthecenter/taking…asthecenter)
vMale-centric以男士为主的
vNet-CentricWar网络中心战
vIBMcompatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主的User-centric以用户为中心的
v14.–ware(articlesofthesamekind)
vGlassware玻璃器皿
vSoft/hardware软/硬件
vMiddleware中间设备
vSilverware银器
vWarehouse仓库
v15.franken-(转基因的;经过基因工程的)
vFrankenfruit转基因水果
vFrankenfood转基因食品
vFrankenplant转基因植物
2.Compounding(复合法/合成法)
Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa‘lexicalunitconsistingmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword’(Quirketal1985).
Compounding
vFormsofcompounds
›Solid:
bedtime,honeymoon
›Hyphenated:
above-mentioned,town-planning
›Open:
readingmaterial,hotline
Compounding
vTypesofcompounds
›Nouncompounds
›Adjectivecompounds
›Verbcompounds
Compounding
vNouncompounds
›Headache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis
Compounding
vAdjectivecompounds
›Weather-beatenrocks,peacelovingpeople,everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespotinspection,taxfreeproducts,fire-proofdress
Compounding
vVerbcompounds
›Formedbyback-formation
vhouse-keepfromhousekeeper
vwindowshopfromwindow-shopping
vmassproducefrommassproduction
vhen-peckfromhen-pecked
vspoon-feedfromspoon-fed.
Compounding
vVerbcompounds
›Formedbyconversion
vtoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.
3.Conversion(词类转化法/转类法)
Thedefinitionofconversion
①Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.
›②Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).
Conversion
vMajortypesofconversion
›Noun-verbconversion
›Verb-nounconversion
›Adjective-nounconversion
vNoun-verbcon