西方文化入门 Handout 11 Art and Literature in Renaissance.docx

西方文化入门 Handout 11 Art and Literature in Renaissance.docx

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西方文化入门Handout11ArtandLiteratureinRenaissance

2010年西方文化入门（Handout11）

LiteratureandArtsinRenaissanceItaly

November,2010

PartIFrancescoPetrarch（1305—1374）

FrancescoPetrarcaisknownasPetrarch.Hestudieslawandlaterbecameapriest,livingnearAvignon,andkeepingincontactwithfriends,scholarsandrulersalloverEuropebywritingletters.

Petrarch’sworks,whichincludepoetry,biography,andphilosophy,showsmodernintellectualcuriosity,incontrasttomuchmedievalwriting.MuchofhisworkwasinItalian,notLatin,whichwasalsoamodernthingtodo.Asaveryreligiousman,hefelttornbetweentheChristiansideofhispersonalityandthesecularsideofhumanism.Heenjoyedthepleasuresoftheworldandactuallyfearedthathisloveoftheclassicsmightpreventhimfromgoingtoheaven.HebelievedthattrueunderstandingoflifeorwisdomhadbeenlostduringtheMiddleAges,andcouldonlybefoundinthewritingsofGreekandRomanwriters.LikeDanteheespeciallyvaluedthepoetVirgilandalsothepoliticianCicero,whohadabeliefintheindividualandadesiretoimprovetheworldforothers.In1345PetrarchmadethemajorculturaldiscoveryofCicero’slettersinalibraryinVerona,andthroughthemhebroughttheclassicalworldtoRenaissancepeopleandintroducedCicero,thegreatupholderofrepublicanvaluesofancientRome,totherepublicanFlorentines.

PetrarchwasrecognizedasthegreatestwriterofhistimeinItaly,andin1341thesenateinRomerecognizedthisbycrowninghimwithlaurelleaves.Thisshowedthatthepoetwasnowrespectedandvalued,anditisasignofthechangingtimesthathegainedfamenotbythespiritualnatureofhisworkorlife,butbyhisintellectualandpoeticachievements.

Thegreatinfluenceinhislifewashisloveforayoungmarriedwoman,Laura,whodiedoftheplagueinhertwentiesin1348.ItistoherthatweowehissonnetsinItalian,which,withDante’spoetry,arethefoundationsofmodernItalianliterature.ThesebeautifulsonnetshadahugeinfluencethroughoutEuropeandtheirfourteenlineformwascopiedbymanypoets.BecausePetrarch’ssonnetswerepersonalandintimate,theygaveanewtonetopoetry,pointingtojoyonearthratherthaninheaven.HispoemstoLauramakearealwomanofher,yetcarryonthetraditionofadorationofwomanthatbeganwiththetroubadoursandcontinuedthroughthecultoftheVirginMaryandthewritingsofDante.HiswritingincludeOnFamousMen（1337）,anepicpoemAfrica（1338）,OnReligiousIdleness（1345）,TheSolitaryLife（1345-1347）,BucolicSong（1345-1347）andTrionfi,apoemabouthowDivinitytriumphsovereverything.

ItwastheMorning

Itwasthemorningofthatblessedday

WhereontheSuninpityveiledhisglare

FortheLord’sagony,that,unaware,

Ifellacaptive,Lady,tothesway

Ofyourswifteyes;thatseemednotimetostay

ThestrokesofLove:

Isteppedintothesnare

Secure,withnosuspicion:

thenandthere

Ifoundmycueinman’smosttragicplay.

Lovecaughtmenakedinhisshaft,hissheaf,

Theentranceforhisambushandsurprise

Againsttheheartwideopenthroughtheeyes,

Theconstantgateandfountainofmygrief:

Howcravensotostrikemestrickenso,

Yetfromyoufullyarmedconcealhisbow!

TheEyesthatDrewfromMe

Theeyesthatdrewfrommesuchferventpraise,

Thearmsandhandsandfeetandcountenance

Whichmademeastrangerinmyownromance

Andsetmeapartfromthewell-troddenways;

Thegleaminggoldencurlyhair,therays

Flashingfromasmilingangel’sglance

Whichmovedtheworldinparadisaldance,

Aregrainsofdust,insensibilities.

AndIliveon,butingriefandself-contempt,

LeftherewithoutthelightIlovedsomuch,

Inagreattempestandwithshroudsunkempt.

Nomorelovesongs,then,Ihavedonewithsuch;

Myoldskillnowrunsthinatsuchattempt,

AndtearsareheardwithintheharpItouch.

PartIII.GiovanniBoccaccio（1313—1375）

BoccacciowasawealthybusinessmanwholivedinFlorence.Hisearlywritingswereinspiredbyhismistress,Fiammetta,whomhemetinNaples.Whenhewasforty,hewrotetheDecameron,forwhichheisbestremembered,butinlaterlifehegaveupsuchwriting,intendingtogointoamonastery.Petrarchpersuadedhimtostudyancientwritersinstead,andhebecameoneoftheleadinghumanistscholarsofhistime,learningGreekandrescuingmanuscriptsthathadlainignoredinmonasteriesforyears.

TheDecameron（1350）isacollectionofonehundredstoriestoldbythreemenandsevenwomentopassthetimewhentheyleaveFlorencetoescapetheplagueof1348.Thestoriesareamusing,veryrealandattimescoarse.Youngloverssucceed,hypocritesfail,husbandsandwivesareunfaithful,goodnessisrewarded,monksaremadefunof.Physicaldesireispresentedasnatural.Frequently,asdidmanyotherpeople,hecriticizesthechurch.ThestoriesshowagreatchangeofspiritfromthatofMiddleAgesashumannatureisportrayedinallitscontradictions,andearthlypleasuresisvaluedquiteasmuchasthespirituallife.

InthefollowingextractfromtheDecameronBoccacciocriticizestheChurch.

ButwhydoIrambleonboutthisFriarRinaldoofours?

Isthereasingleoneofthesefriarswhobehavedifferently?

Ah!

Scandalofthiscorruptandwickedworld!

Itdoesn’tworrythemintheleastthatheyappearsofatandbloated,thatabrightredglowsuffusestheircheeks,thattheirclothesareassmoothasvelvet,andthatinalltheirdealingstheyaresoeffeminate:

yettheyareanythingbutdovelike,fortheystrutaboutlikesomanypeacockswithalltheirfeathersondisplay.Furthermore,theircellsarestuffedjarsfilledwithunguents…,withboxesfullofsweetmeats,withphialsandbottlescontainingoilsandliquidessences,andwithcasksbrimmingoverwith…preciouswines,sothattoanyimpartialobservertheylookmorelikescentshopsorgrocerystoresthanthecellsoffriars…However,Godwilldoubtlessseethatthey,andthesimplesoulswhokeepthemsuppliedwithallthesethings,receivetheirjustdeserts.

Thefifthday,theseventhstoryfromDecameron

[Voice:

lauretta]

[001]Teodoro,beingenamouredofViolante,daughterofMesserAmerigo,hislord,getsherwithchild,andissentencedtothegallows;butwhileheisbeingscourgedthither,heisrecognizedbyhisfather,andbeingsetatlarge,takesViolantetowife.

泰奥多罗爱上了主人的女儿维奥兰蒂，使她受孕，因而被判处绞刑，幸遇生父相认获救，与维奥兰蒂终成眷属。

[Voice:

author]

[002]Whiletheydoubtedwhetherthetwoloverswouldbeburned,theladieswereallfearandsuspense;butwhentheyheardoftheirdeliverance,theyallwithoneaccordputonacheerfulcountenance,praisingGod.Thestoryended,thequeenordainedthatthenextshouldbetoldbyLauretta,whoblithelythusbegan:

女郎们听故事时都提心吊胆，生怕那一对情人会给国王活活烧死，后来听说他们终于获救，一个个都赞美天主，异常高兴。

女王听完这个故事，就吩咐劳蕾塔接下去讲一个，于是她快活地说了起来：

[Voice:

lauretta]

[003]Fairestladies,whattimegoodKingGuglielmoruledSicilytheredweltontheislandagentleman,MesserAmerigoAbatedaTrapanibyname,whowaswellprovided,aswithothertemporalgoods,soalsowithchildren.[004]Forwhichcausebeinginneedofservants,hetookoccasionoftheappearanceinTrapaniwatersofcertainGenoesecorsairsfromtheLevant,who,scouringthecoastofArmenia,hadcapturednotafewboys,topurchaseofthemsomeoftheseyoungsters,supposingthemtobeTurks;amongwhom,albeitmostshewedasmereshepherdboys,therewasone,Teodorobyname,whoselessrusticmienseemedtobetokengentleblood.[005]Who,thoughstilltreatedasaslave,wassufferedtogrowupinthehousewithMesserAmerigo'schildren,and,naturegettingthebetterofcircumstance,borehimselfwithsuchgraceanddignitythatMesserAmerigogladlygavehimhisfreedom,andstilldeeminghimtobeaTurk,hadhimbaptizedandnamedPietro,andmadehimhismajor-domo,andplacedmuchtrustinhim.[006]NowamongtheotherchildrenthatgrewupinMesserAmerigo'shousewashisfairanddaintydaughter,Violante;and,asherfatherwasinnohurrytogiveherinmarriage,itsobefellthatshebecameenamouredofPietro;but,forallherloveandthegreatconceitshehadofhisqualitiesandconduct,sheneverthelesswastooshamefasttodiscoverherpassiontohim.[007]However,Lovesparedherthepains,forPietrohadcastmanyafurtiveglanceinherdirection,andhadgrownsoenamouredofherthat'twasneverwellwithhimexcepthesawher;butgreatwashisfearlestanyshoulddetecthispassion,forhedeemed'twouldbetheworseforhim.Thedamsel,whowasfainindeedofthesightofhim,understoodhiscase;andtoencouragehimdissemblednotherexceedinggreatsatisfaction.[008]Onwhichfootingtheyremainedagreatwhile,neitherventuringtosayaughttotheother,muchasbothlongedtodoso.[009]But,whiletheybothburnedwithamutualflame,Fortune,asiftheirentanglementwereofherpreordaining,foundmeanstobanishthefearandhesitationthatkeptthemtongue-tied.

美丽的女郎们，在善良的圭列尔莫王统治西西里岛时，岛上有一位绅士，名叫阿梅里戈·阿巴泰·达·特拉帕尼。

他不但家财众多，而且儿女成群，因而需要很多仆役。

那时候热亚那的海盗们在亚美尼亚沿岸行动，捉到了不少儿童，用船从莱万泰运到西西里。

阿梅里戈把他们当作土耳其人，买下了几个孩子，这许多孩子看上去都像牧童，不过其中一个长得比别人俊秀，温文有礼，名叫泰奥多罗。

尽管他的身份是一名奴仆，却和阿梅里戈先生的子女一起成长。

泰奥多罗这孩子很有志气，并不因为身份低和环境不利而丧失自己高贵的秉性，没过多久，他就变得彬彬有礼和富有教养，因而阿梅里戈先生十分赏识他，使他恢复了自由人的身份。

阿梅里戈仍把他看成是土耳其人，便给他受洗，教名皮耶德罗；又叫他掌管家务，对他非常信任。

阿梅里戈先生有一个女儿，名叫维奥兰蒂，生得娇美动人；他和其他兄弟姐妹一样，在父亲的抚养下成长起来。

由于父亲迟迟没有让她出嫁，她就有机缘爱上皮耶德罗，对他的言行举止非常倾慕，只是羞于向他吐露衷曲而已。

不过爱神并没有辜负她的一片苦心，因为皮耶德罗也好多次悄悄地瞅着她，对她怀着深厚的爱，以致一刻没有看到她，心里就好不自在。

皮耶德罗深恐自己的秘密被别人看出，觉得这只是一种奢望罢了。

姑娘一直喜欢留神看他，如今可看穿了他的心事。

为了让对方更加放心，姑娘对他颇加青睐，而内心也十分欢喜。

两个人就是这样心照不宣，尽管男的或女的都有许多话要倾诉。

[Voice:

lauretta]

[010]MesserAmerigopossessed,amileorsofromTrapani,agoodlyestate,towhichhewaswontnotseldomtoresortwithhisdaughterandotherladie