梭罗.docx
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梭罗
山东工商学院
SHANDONGINSTITUTEOFBUSINESSANDTECHNOLOGY
毕业论文(设计)
GRADUATION THESIS (DESIGN)
论文(设计)题目
TitleOfThesis(Design)
浅论拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生的《自然》对生态文学及生态批评的启示
分院(系别)
Department
外国语学院
专 业
Speciality
英语
班级
Class
102
论文(设计)作者
AuthorofThesis(Design)
董博
论文完成日期
Date
2014年5月
论文(设计)指导教师
Advisor
姜君丽
指导教师职称
TheTitleofAdvisor
副教授
论文题目:
AnEcologicalAnalysisinWalden
探究《瓦尔登湖》的生态思想
学生姓名:
董博
学科专业:
英语语言文学
研究方向:
美国文学
学位级别:
学士
指导教师:
姜君丽
完成时间:
2014年5月
AnEcologicalAnalysisinWalden
AThesis
Presentedto
TheCollegeofForeignStudies
ShandongInstituteofBusiness&Technology
InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirement
FortheDegreeofBachelorofArts
By
UndertheSupervisionof
JiangJunli
May,2014
指导教师对毕业论文(设计)的评语
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SignatureofAdvisor
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职称:
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优□良□中□及格□不及格□
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摘要
《瓦尔登湖》是美国文学史上最负盛名的经典作品之一,在这本书中,梭罗记录了他在瓦尔登湖边的简单而又自给自足的生活方式以及他对人生和自然的解读。
本文将结合梭罗的思想观点,联系其当时所处的时代背景,从生态环境的角度出发,从《瓦尔登湖》这部作品寻找对当今生态文明建设的启示。
本文主要有三个部分,第一部分简要的介绍梭罗的一些思想观点和他当时所生活的时代背景,并且将梭罗在瓦尔登湖畔的生活呈现出来。
在瓦尔登湖畔的两年间,梭罗倡导一种简单、自给自足的生活方式,他将自己视为自然的一部分,与自然的生物和谐共处。
第二部分则重点分析《瓦尔登湖》一书中所蕴含的一些生态哲学的思想。
第三个部分则通过分析当今社会日益突出的生态环境问题以及生态环保本身的重要性,解读梭罗及其这本书给我们的影响与启示。
最后,本文希望通过从生态角度的分析来强化人与自然关系的正确认识,使人们意识到环境危机的严重性和生态和谐的重要性。
此外,结合近些年来国家提出的构建和谐社会、生态文明建设和实现可持续发展的工作布局,我们也可以从中得到启示。
关键词:
自然;生态哲学;环境危机;和谐
Abstract
WaldenisoneofthemostreputedclassicsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Inthisbook,Thoreaurecordshissimpleaswellasself-sufficientlifestylebesidetheWaldenPondandhiscomprehensionandattitudestowardthelifeandthenature.ThisthesiswouldcombineThoreau’sthoughtsandthesocialbackgroundsinwhichhelivedtogetsomeilluminationsfromtheecologicalandenvironmentalperspective.
Thisthesishasthreeparts.ThefirstpartmainlyintroducesThoreau’slifeaswellasthetimehisthoughts.Additionally,thispartalsoshowsThoreau’slivesnearbytheWaldenPond.Duringhistwo-yearlifebesidethepond,Thoreauadvocatesasimpleandself-sufficientlifestyle.Heregardshimselfasonepartofthenatureandhelivesharmoniouslywiththosecreatures.ThesecondpartanalyzessomethoughtsofecologicalphilosophycontainedinWalden.ThethirdpartexplainsinfluencesandilluminationsthatThoreauandthismasterpiecebringusbyanalyzingtheincreasinglyemergingenvironmentalproblemsinthesocietyandtheimportanceofecology.
Intheend,thisthesishopestostrengthenthecorrectcognitionofrelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandnaturefromecologicalperspective,makingpeopleawareoftheseriousnessofenvironmentalcrisisandtheimportanceofecologicalharmony.Inaddition,wecanalsogetsomeilluminationswhenwelinktheConstructionofHarmoniousSociety,ConstructionofEcologicalCivilizationaswellasSustainableDevelopmentputforwardbythenationalleadersinrecentyears.
Keywords:
nature;ecologicalphilosophy;environmentalcrisis;harmony
Contents
Abstract(Chinese)……………………………………………………………………….i
Abstract(English)…………………………………………………………………….….ii
Contents………………………………………………………………………………….iii
1.0Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1
2.0OverviewofThoreau’sthoughtsandhispractice…………………………………..2
2.1BriefintroductionofThoreau’sera………………………………………………3
2.2Thoreau’sthoughtsandhislifeintheWaldenPond……………………………..3
2.2.1Simpleandself-sufficientlifestyles…………………………………………4
2.2.2Makefriendswithforestcreatures………………………………………..4
3.0EcologicalthoughtsinWalden………………………………………………………..7
3.1TheDevelopmentoftheEco-criticism……………………………………………7
3.2Criticizinghuman’sdominanceovernature……………………………………….7
3.3Thevalueofnature….…………………………………………………………….8
3.4Humanisapartofthenature…………………………………………………..9
4.0Thoreau’scontributiontomodernsociety……..…………………………………10
4.1EnvironmentalandecologicalproblemsinChina…………………………………11
4.2Significanceofecologicalconstruction……………………………………………11
5.0Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….12
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….14
References………………………………………………………………………………...15
Appendix:
ThesisProposal
1.0Introduction
HenryDavidThoreauisoneofthegreatestAmericanauthorsofthenineteenthcenturyandhismasterpieceWaldenhasgaineduniversalpopularityforlongtime.Thoreau’seraisintheboomofIndustrialRevolutionhappenedintheStates.Duringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,America’seconomydevelopswithhighspeedandmanyindustrialcirclesareinflourish.Atthattime,avastnumberofpeopleareonlyfeverishaboutmateriallife.However,ThoreauspeaksaheadofhistimeandhetriestomoveawayfromtherushandbustleofAmericansociallifewhichis,tohim,gettingmoreandmoresadlymaterialistic-oriented.Hedesiresasimpleandself-sufficientlifestyleandhepracticesthisbybuildingacabinnearbytheWaldenPondwhenhegetsEmersion’spermission.WaldenisafaithrecordofThoreau’sreflectionswhenheisinsolitarycommunionwiththenature.
Thismasterpiececanbemanythingsanditcanbereadonmorethanonelevel.ThebookconveysThoreau’sideasonman-naturerelationshipwhichisconsideredasoneofthegreatestclassicsintheecologicalliteraturefield.EcologyhasalonghistoryinEuropeandAmericaanditcanbedeprivedinthe19thcenturyputupbyaGermanbiologistE.H.Hackel.During20thcentury,withtheboomingofindustrialcivilization,environmentalandecologicalcrisiswasbecomingworseandworse.Thusliterarydevelopmentwasalsoinfluencedbythisissue.Thus,ecologicalliteratureandeco-criticismwasgraduallyemphasizedbymillionsofpeople.LawrenceBuell,anAmericaneco-criticandprofessorofHarvard,oncepredictsthatthemostemergentissueisprobablytheenduranceofglobe.Inthemid-1980s,scholarsbegantoworkcollectivelytoestablishecocritismasagenresothatTheAssociationfortheStudyofLiteratureandEnvironmentwassetup.Itisaninternationalorganization,involvedthousandsofpeoplearoundtheworld.Itoftenholdssomeseminarstopublishsomerelatedjournalsandintroducelatesteco-criticismworks.
In1979,RachelCarson’sSilentSpringwasfirstlypublishedinChina,whichmarkedthatecologismwasintroducedinChina.Nowadays,moreandmoreChinesepeopleareawareoftheimportanceofecologyalongwiththesocialdevelopment.Especiallyinrecentyears,thefrequenciesofsomeextremeweather,suchashazeortorridnessmakepeoplerealizethatecologicalbalanceiscloselyrelatedwiththeirdailylife.Eco-criticismisprogressinginChinaincreasingly.Manypeopleareinterestedinecologicalliteratureandtheytrytoobtainsomeilluminationsfromtheseworks.Thoreauhasbeenregardedasapioneerofenvironmentalprotectionphilosopherofecology.Thoreau’sphilosophyandhisworksarewidelyacceptedbymodernpeople.Heisnowmorewidelyreadandresearchedthananyothernovelist.
2.0OverviewofThoreauandhislifeintheWaldenPond
ThoreauisanactiveTranscendentalistandheisbynomeansareclusebutisintenselyinvolvedinthelifeofhisday.Inhisowntime,AmericaisenjoyingtheblossomoftheIndustrialRevolution.Manypeoplearebusymakingmoneyandtheyareenthusiasticaboutthelifeofbustle.Thus,heisconsideredasaneccentric.Onthecontrarytoothers,Thoreauhasfaithintheinnervirtueandinward,spiritualgraceofman.Heholdsthenegativeopiniontothemoderncivilization.HemovestoashabbycabinbesidetheWaldenPond,livingthereinaverysimplemannerforalittleovertwoyears.Asanaturelover,hereckonsthatmanshouldliveharmoniouslywithandheindulgestobeaparticipantinthenature.
2.1BriefintroductionofThoreau’sera
HenryDavidThoreau(1817—1862)borninConcord,Massachusetts.Hisera,the19thcenturyisanimportantturningpointinAmerica’shistory.AmericanslosenotimeinindustrializingtheirnewnationandinbuildingtradewithothercountriesaftergainingindependencefromtheGreatBritain.AndtheterritoryofAmericaexpandsalotbymeansofinvasion,warsorpurchasing.In1807,PresidentJeffersonoftheU.S.carriedouttheEmbargoAct,whichwasintendedasashort-termmeasure.TheEmbargoActforbadeallexportsfromtheU.S.toanycountryandimportcametoahaltaswell.Thispolicy,tosomedegree,helpedencourageitsnationalindustrialtodevelopfasterthaneverbefore.AllthesefactorsacceleratetheeconomicdevelopmentofAmerica.SubsequentlygreatchangestakeplaceintheStatesandmoderncivilizationisfullofthecountrywhileatthesametime,wildnatureisdecreasingatafastspeedbecauseofhumanexploitation.
AglimpseofthechangesoccurredintheNewEnglandforestcovercanwellshowusthedeteriorationoftheenvironment.WhenConcordwassettledin1638,itsgentlyrollingterrainwasdenselyshadebyanalmostunbrokengreencanopy.Plants,suchaswhit