梭罗.docx

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梭罗

山东工商学院

SHANDONGINSTITUTEOFBUSINESSANDTECHNOLOGY

毕业论文(设计)

GRADUATION THESIS (DESIGN)

 

论文(设计)题目

TitleOfThesis(Design)

浅论拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生的《自然》对生态文学及生态批评的启示

分院(系别)

Department

外国语学院

专  业

Speciality

英语

班级

Class

102

论文(设计)作者

AuthorofThesis(Design)

 董博 

论文完成日期

Date

2014年5月

论文(设计)指导教师

Advisor

 姜君丽  

指导教师职称

TheTitleofAdvisor

 副教授  

论文题目:

 

AnEcologicalAnalysisinWalden

探究《瓦尔登湖》的生态思想

 

学生姓名:

董博

学科专业:

英语语言文学

研究方向:

美国文学

学位级别:

学士

指导教师:

姜君丽

完成时间:

2014年5月

 

AnEcologicalAnalysisinWalden

AThesis

Presentedto

TheCollegeofForeignStudies

ShandongInstituteofBusiness&Technology

InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirement

FortheDegreeofBachelorofArts

 

By

UndertheSupervisionof

JiangJunli

May,2014

 

指导教师对毕业论文(设计)的评语

Advisor’sCommentsonGraduationThesis(Design)

评语:

 

          指导教师(签章)

  SignatureofAdvisor       

                 日期

                  Date        

评阅人意见

评阅人姓名:

职称:

选项标准:

A很同意B同意C基本同意D不同意

 

评价项目

A

B

C

D

1

选题符合专业培养目标,体现综合训练基本要求

2

题目难易适度

3

题目工作量适当

4

有理论意义或实际价值

5

查阅文献资料能力强

6

综合运用知识能力强

7

研究方案的设计能力强

8

研究方法和手段的运用能力强

9

外文应用能力强

10

文题相符

11

写作水平高

12

写作规范

13

篇幅适度

14

成果有理论或实际价值

总体评价:

优□良□中□及格□不及格□

评阅人评语

评阅人签字:

年月日

答辩(评审)委员会意见

AppraisalofDefenceCommission

答辩(评审)成绩

MarkofDefence                    

鉴定意见

Appraisal&Comments

 

              主任(签章)

              SignatureofDean       

                    日期

Date   

摘要

《瓦尔登湖》是美国文学史上最负盛名的经典作品之一,在这本书中,梭罗记录了他在瓦尔登湖边的简单而又自给自足的生活方式以及他对人生和自然的解读。

本文将结合梭罗的思想观点,联系其当时所处的时代背景,从生态环境的角度出发,从《瓦尔登湖》这部作品寻找对当今生态文明建设的启示。

本文主要有三个部分,第一部分简要的介绍梭罗的一些思想观点和他当时所生活的时代背景,并且将梭罗在瓦尔登湖畔的生活呈现出来。

在瓦尔登湖畔的两年间,梭罗倡导一种简单、自给自足的生活方式,他将自己视为自然的一部分,与自然的生物和谐共处。

第二部分则重点分析《瓦尔登湖》一书中所蕴含的一些生态哲学的思想。

第三个部分则通过分析当今社会日益突出的生态环境问题以及生态环保本身的重要性,解读梭罗及其这本书给我们的影响与启示。

最后,本文希望通过从生态角度的分析来强化人与自然关系的正确认识,使人们意识到环境危机的严重性和生态和谐的重要性。

此外,结合近些年来国家提出的构建和谐社会、生态文明建设和实现可持续发展的工作布局,我们也可以从中得到启示。

关键词:

自然;生态哲学;环境危机;和谐

 

Abstract

WaldenisoneofthemostreputedclassicsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Inthisbook,Thoreaurecordshissimpleaswellasself-sufficientlifestylebesidetheWaldenPondandhiscomprehensionandattitudestowardthelifeandthenature.ThisthesiswouldcombineThoreau’sthoughtsandthesocialbackgroundsinwhichhelivedtogetsomeilluminationsfromtheecologicalandenvironmentalperspective.

Thisthesishasthreeparts.ThefirstpartmainlyintroducesThoreau’slifeaswellasthetimehisthoughts.Additionally,thispartalsoshowsThoreau’slivesnearbytheWaldenPond.Duringhistwo-yearlifebesidethepond,Thoreauadvocatesasimpleandself-sufficientlifestyle.Heregardshimselfasonepartofthenatureandhelivesharmoniouslywiththosecreatures.ThesecondpartanalyzessomethoughtsofecologicalphilosophycontainedinWalden.ThethirdpartexplainsinfluencesandilluminationsthatThoreauandthismasterpiecebringusbyanalyzingtheincreasinglyemergingenvironmentalproblemsinthesocietyandtheimportanceofecology.

Intheend,thisthesishopestostrengthenthecorrectcognitionofrelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandnaturefromecologicalperspective,makingpeopleawareoftheseriousnessofenvironmentalcrisisandtheimportanceofecologicalharmony.Inaddition,wecanalsogetsomeilluminationswhenwelinktheConstructionofHarmoniousSociety,ConstructionofEcologicalCivilizationaswellasSustainableDevelopmentputforwardbythenationalleadersinrecentyears.

Keywords:

nature;ecologicalphilosophy;environmentalcrisis;harmony

 

Contents

Abstract(Chinese)……………………………………………………………………….i

Abstract(English)…………………………………………………………………….….ii

Contents………………………………………………………………………………….iii

1.0Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1

2.0OverviewofThoreau’sthoughtsandhispractice…………………………………..2

2.1BriefintroductionofThoreau’sera………………………………………………3

2.2Thoreau’sthoughtsandhislifeintheWaldenPond……………………………..3

2.2.1Simpleandself-sufficientlifestyles…………………………………………4

2.2.2Makefriendswithforestcreatures………………………………………..4

3.0EcologicalthoughtsinWalden………………………………………………………..7

3.1TheDevelopmentoftheEco-criticism……………………………………………7

3.2Criticizinghuman’sdominanceovernature……………………………………….7

3.3Thevalueofnature….…………………………………………………………….8

3.4Humanisapartofthenature…………………………………………………..9

4.0Thoreau’scontributiontomodernsociety……..…………………………………10

4.1EnvironmentalandecologicalproblemsinChina…………………………………11

4.2Significanceofecologicalconstruction……………………………………………11

5.0Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….12

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….14

References………………………………………………………………………………...15

Appendix:

ThesisProposal

 

1.0Introduction

HenryDavidThoreauisoneofthegreatestAmericanauthorsofthenineteenthcenturyandhismasterpieceWaldenhasgaineduniversalpopularityforlongtime.Thoreau’seraisintheboomofIndustrialRevolutionhappenedintheStates.Duringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,America’seconomydevelopswithhighspeedandmanyindustrialcirclesareinflourish.Atthattime,avastnumberofpeopleareonlyfeverishaboutmateriallife.However,ThoreauspeaksaheadofhistimeandhetriestomoveawayfromtherushandbustleofAmericansociallifewhichis,tohim,gettingmoreandmoresadlymaterialistic-oriented.Hedesiresasimpleandself-sufficientlifestyleandhepracticesthisbybuildingacabinnearbytheWaldenPondwhenhegetsEmersion’spermission.WaldenisafaithrecordofThoreau’sreflectionswhenheisinsolitarycommunionwiththenature.

Thismasterpiececanbemanythingsanditcanbereadonmorethanonelevel.ThebookconveysThoreau’sideasonman-naturerelationshipwhichisconsideredasoneofthegreatestclassicsintheecologicalliteraturefield.EcologyhasalonghistoryinEuropeandAmericaanditcanbedeprivedinthe19thcenturyputupbyaGermanbiologistE.H.Hackel.During20thcentury,withtheboomingofindustrialcivilization,environmentalandecologicalcrisiswasbecomingworseandworse.Thusliterarydevelopmentwasalsoinfluencedbythisissue.Thus,ecologicalliteratureandeco-criticismwasgraduallyemphasizedbymillionsofpeople.LawrenceBuell,anAmericaneco-criticandprofessorofHarvard,oncepredictsthatthemostemergentissueisprobablytheenduranceofglobe.Inthemid-1980s,scholarsbegantoworkcollectivelytoestablishecocritismasagenresothatTheAssociationfortheStudyofLiteratureandEnvironmentwassetup.Itisaninternationalorganization,involvedthousandsofpeoplearoundtheworld.Itoftenholdssomeseminarstopublishsomerelatedjournalsandintroducelatesteco-criticismworks.

In1979,RachelCarson’sSilentSpringwasfirstlypublishedinChina,whichmarkedthatecologismwasintroducedinChina.Nowadays,moreandmoreChinesepeopleareawareoftheimportanceofecologyalongwiththesocialdevelopment.Especiallyinrecentyears,thefrequenciesofsomeextremeweather,suchashazeortorridnessmakepeoplerealizethatecologicalbalanceiscloselyrelatedwiththeirdailylife.Eco-criticismisprogressinginChinaincreasingly.Manypeopleareinterestedinecologicalliteratureandtheytrytoobtainsomeilluminationsfromtheseworks.Thoreauhasbeenregardedasapioneerofenvironmentalprotectionphilosopherofecology.Thoreau’sphilosophyandhisworksarewidelyacceptedbymodernpeople.Heisnowmorewidelyreadandresearchedthananyothernovelist.

2.0OverviewofThoreauandhislifeintheWaldenPond

ThoreauisanactiveTranscendentalistandheisbynomeansareclusebutisintenselyinvolvedinthelifeofhisday.Inhisowntime,AmericaisenjoyingtheblossomoftheIndustrialRevolution.Manypeoplearebusymakingmoneyandtheyareenthusiasticaboutthelifeofbustle.Thus,heisconsideredasaneccentric.Onthecontrarytoothers,Thoreauhasfaithintheinnervirtueandinward,spiritualgraceofman.Heholdsthenegativeopiniontothemoderncivilization.HemovestoashabbycabinbesidetheWaldenPond,livingthereinaverysimplemannerforalittleovertwoyears.Asanaturelover,hereckonsthatmanshouldliveharmoniouslywithandheindulgestobeaparticipantinthenature.

2.1BriefintroductionofThoreau’sera

HenryDavidThoreau(1817—1862)borninConcord,Massachusetts.Hisera,the19thcenturyisanimportantturningpointinAmerica’shistory.AmericanslosenotimeinindustrializingtheirnewnationandinbuildingtradewithothercountriesaftergainingindependencefromtheGreatBritain.AndtheterritoryofAmericaexpandsalotbymeansofinvasion,warsorpurchasing.In1807,PresidentJeffersonoftheU.S.carriedouttheEmbargoAct,whichwasintendedasashort-termmeasure.TheEmbargoActforbadeallexportsfromtheU.S.toanycountryandimportcametoahaltaswell.Thispolicy,tosomedegree,helpedencourageitsnationalindustrialtodevelopfasterthaneverbefore.AllthesefactorsacceleratetheeconomicdevelopmentofAmerica.SubsequentlygreatchangestakeplaceintheStatesandmoderncivilizationisfullofthecountrywhileatthesametime,wildnatureisdecreasingatafastspeedbecauseofhumanexploitation.

AglimpseofthechangesoccurredintheNewEnglandforestcovercanwellshowusthedeteriorationoftheenvironment.WhenConcordwassettledin1638,itsgentlyrollingterrainwasdenselyshadebyanalmostunbrokengreencanopy.Plants,suchaswhit

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