北京各区高三一模汇编阅读理解C篇.docx

北京各区高三一模汇编阅读理解C篇.docx

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北京各区高三一模汇编阅读理解C篇

2020北京各区高三一模英语分类汇编阅读理解C汇编

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

1、（2020北京朝阳一模）

C

Abutterfly’swingscanhavemanyjobsbesideskeepingtheinsecthighupintheair.Theymaybeusedtoattractmates,ortowarnpotentialattackerstostayaway.Alloftheseroles,though,dependontheirunchangingcolouration.Thisplaysintotheideathatbutterflywingsaredeadtissue,likeabird’sfeathers.Infact,that’snottrue.Forexample,insomespeciesmales’wingshavespecialcellsreleasingsomechemicalswhichattractfemales.

NanfangYu,aphysicistatColumbiaUniversity,inNewYork,hasbeenlookingintothematter.TogetherwithNaomiPierce,abutterflyspecialistatHarvardUniversity,hehasnowshown,inapaperpublishedinNatureCommunicationsinFebruary,2020,thatbutterflywingsare,indeed,verymuchalive.

Intheirexperiments,thetworesearchersusedalaser（激光）toheatupspotsonthewingsofdozensofbutterflyspecies.Whenthetemperatureoftheareaunderthelaserreached40°Corso,theinsectsrespondedwithinsecondsbydoingthingsthatstoppedtheirwingsheatingupfurther.Theseactionsincludedabutterflyturningaroundtominimizeitsprofiletothelaser,movingitswingsupanddownorsimplywalkingaway.

Butterfliesengagedinalloftheseheat-minimisingactivitiesevenwhentheresearchersblindfoldedthem.Thatsuggestedtherelevantsensorswereonthewingsthemselves.DrYuandDrPiercethereforesearchedthosewingsforlikelylookingsensorycells.Theyfoundsome,intheformofneurons（神经元）thatweresimilartoheatdetectorsknownfromotherinsects.Theyalsouncovereddisc-shapedcellsthatappearedtobesimilartopressure-sensitiveneurons.Theyguessthatthesearetheretodetectdeformationofthewing—informationaninsectcouldusetocontrolitsflightpattern.

Thethirddiscoverytheymadetocontradictthe“deadwing”ideawasthatsomebutterflywingshaveaheartbeat.Abutterfly’swingshaveveins（静脉）.Thesecarryabloodlikeliquidwhich,researchershavenowfoundinmales,showsapulse（脉搏）ofseveraldozenbeatsperminute.Thesourceofthispulseappearstobethescent（气味）pad,adarkspotonthewingsthatproducesthefemale-attractingchemicals.Apparently,this“wingheart”actsasapumpthathelpsbloodlike

liquidthroughthescentpad.

Inalltheirexperimentssimulatingdifferentenvironmentalconditions,DrYuandDrPierceconsistentlyfoundthat,differentpartsofthewingarecoveredbydifferentsortsofscales（鳞屑）.Inparticular,tubespassthroughscalesoverthescentpads.Thisimprovestheirabilitytospreadheatawayandhelpskeepthelivingpartsofabutterfly’swingsalive.

38.Abird’sfeathersarementionedinParagraph1to.

A.introducethelatestresearchfindingsonabird

B.highlightthespecialfeatureofabird’sfeathers

C.showcommonknowledgeaboutbutterflywings

D.stressthedifferencebetweenabutterflyandabird

39.WhatcanwelearnfromDrYuandDrPierce’sexperiments?

A.Butterflywingsarecomplicatedlivingorgans.

B.Butterflywingshavelittlereactiontoexternalheat.

C.Thescentpadsonsomemalebutterflywingsaretheirhearts.

D.Heat-minimisingactivitieshelpdetectdeformationofthewings.

40.Whatisthefunctionofscalesoverthescentpads?

A.Attractingmates.B.Increasingbloodflow.

C.Coveringpowerfultubes.D.Producingthecoolingeffect.

41.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.SeeingIsBelievingB.MoreThanMeetsTheEye

C.NothingSeek,NothingFindD.FineFeathersMakeFineBirds

2、（2020北京东城一模）

C

WeAreCyborgs

RoboCop,theBionicWoman,DarthVader—whatdothesecharactershaveincommon?

Theyareallcyborgs—humanswhoaremademorepowerfulbyadvancedtechnology.Youmightthinkthatcyborgsexistonlyinfiction,orareapossibilityonlyinthedistantfuture.Butcyborgtechnologyalreadyexists.

Theword“cyborg”wasfirstusedin1960anddefinedasanorganism“towhichexternalcomponentshavebeenaddedforthepurposeofadaptingtonewenvironments”.Accordingtothisdefinition,anastronautinaspacesuitisanexampleofcyborg,asthespacesuithelpstheastronautadapttoanewenvironment—space.Morerecently,thewordhasevolvedtorefertohumanbeingswhohavemechanicalbodypartsthatmakethemmorethanhuman.

Althoughsuper-humanslikeRoboCoparenotyetareality,advancesinreal-lifecyborgtechnologyallowsomepeopletocompensateforabilitiestheyhavelost,andgiveotherpeoplenewandunusualabilities.AnexampleisfilmmakerRobSpenceandhisbioniceye.Spenceinjuredoneofhiseyesinanaccident.Acamerawasimplantedinhisprostheticeye（假眼）.Theeyeisnotconnectedtohisbrainoropticnerve（视神经）,butitcanrecordwhathesees.Spencehasusedhiscameraeyetorecordinterviewsforadocumentaryaboutpeoplewithbionicbodyparts.

Sometypesofcyborgtechnologyreplacealostabilitybyconnectingdirectlytoaperson’snerves.MichaelChorostcompletelyandsuddenlylosthisabilitytohearinJulyof2001.Twomonthslater,doctorsplacedacochlearimplant,akindofcomputer,insidehisskull.Thistypeofimplantconnectstoauditorynervesandallowsadeafpersontohearagain.Aroundtheworld,over300,000peoplehavenowbeenfittedwithcochlearimplants.

Theseexamplesofcyborgtechnologyhaveenabledpeopletoenhanceorchangetheirabilitiesandimprovetheirlives.Butdoeseveryonewanttousecyborgtechnology?

Itmightbetoolatetodecide.CyborgscientistAmberCasearguesthatmostofusarealreadycyborgs.Anyonewhousesacomputerorasmartphone,Caseclaims,isacyborg.Considerthedatathatyouhaveinyoursmartphone.Itkeepsinformationforyousoyoudon’thavetorememberit:

notes,phonenumbers,emailaddresses,messages.Italsoallowsyoutocommunicatewithfriendsandfamilyviatelephone,textmessages,email,andsocialnetworks.

Thepotentialbenefitsofcyborgtechnologyareevident,butcanthisnewtechnologybeharmful,too?

Couldwebecometoodependentoncyborgtechnology—andbecomelessthanhuman?

Thesestillremainquestions.

38.Accordingtothepassage,thecyborg_______.

A.issimilartohumanbeings

B.tookrootinfictioncharacters

C.firstappearedinspaceindustry

D.hassomedeviceattachedtothebody

39.Withthehelpofcyborgtechnology,_______.

A.eyesightcanberestored

B.thenerveinjurycanberepaired

C.lostabilitiescanbereplacedbyanewskill

D.hearinglosscanbepreventedbycochlearimplants

40.AmberCaseprobablythinksthat______.

A.technologymakescyborgsbecomecommon

B.cyborgtechnologyiscrucialtomodernsociety

C.theuseofmobilesimprovescyborgtechnology

D.cyborgtechnologyhelpsimprovehumanmemory

41.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardcyborgtechnology?

A.Critical.B.Skeptical.C.Optimistic.D.Objective.

3、（2020北京房山一模）

C

TheresearchfromtheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionshowsthatfoodallergies（过敏）inchildrenhaveincreasedabout50percent.Commonsymptomsofallergicresponsesincludeitchymouth,throattightening,anddifficultiesinbreathing.

Foodallergyisamedicalconditionofexposuretocertainfoods.Itoccurswhentheimmunesystemattackstheproteininfoodthatinnormalcasesisharmless.Accordingtoreports,morethan170foodscauseallergicreactions.Themajorfoodallergensareineggs,milk,peanuts,wheat,soy,fish,treenuts,andcrustaceanshellfish.

Thereareseveralreasonsbehindtheriseinfoodallergies.Thefoodbeingproducedthesedaysishighinsugar,unhealthyfats,geneticallymodifiesandsomefoodfarmshavepesticides（农药）andotherfoodhavebeeninjecteddrugs.Allthiscanhaveanegativeimpactonourmicrobiome（微生物群）,whichisthebasisofgoodhealthandimmunity.

Inastudycomparingtwochildren,a15-year-oldwholivedinurbanItalyanda14-year-oldchildfromruralAfrica,itclearlyshowedasignificantdifferenceinthediversityofbacteriaintheirguts.Thereasonliesintheirdiet.ThechildfromruralAfricahashisdietlowinfatandrichinplant-basedfoodswhicharegrownandharvestedlocallybyvillagers.Incontrast,theItaliankid’sdietwasrichinanimalprotein,sugarthenlowinfiber.Ultimately,themicrobiomeofthekidfromItalywaslessthanthatofthekidfromAfrica.Besides,theso-called‘hygienehypothesis’suggeststhatdecreasedexposuretomicrobesinearlylifecanleadtoanincreasedchanceofallergiesinlaterlife,becauseofindividualsnothavingbuiltupimmunityatayoungage.

Yetanotherreasonfortheexplosioninallergiesmaybeenvironmentalchanges.Theenvironmenthasseenariseintemperatureandisestimatedthatinthecomingdecadesthetemperaturecouldriseevenfurtherby10degrees.Asaresultofthiswarmclimate,thegrowingseasonswillbelonger,increasingallergencountthusmakingallergiesevenworse.Accordingtoscientists,climatechangeisacontributingfactorthatneedsimmediateattention.

Dr.R.Sharon,researcherofAllergyandAsthmaResearchCentreatStanfordUniversity,believesthecauseofallergieswillultimatelycomedowntoacombinationofmanyfactors.

Foodallergieshavenocurebutcanbemanagedbyavoidingfoodthatbringsthereactions.Scientistsarestudyingfoodallergiesmedicalmethodsforgeneraluse.Theyarealltryingtoactivelyunderstandacertainpartofthepuzzlewhenitcomestoallergies.

38.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Scientistshavefoundaneffectivemethodtosolvefoodallergies.

B.Therecouldbemanyreasonsthatcombinetoleadtofoodallergies.

C.Environmentalchangesarethemostimportantreasonforfooda