北京各区高三一模汇编阅读理解C篇.docx
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北京各区高三一模汇编阅读理解C篇
2020北京各区高三一模英语分类汇编阅读理解C汇编
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1、(2020北京朝阳一模)
C
Abutterfly’swingscanhavemanyjobsbesideskeepingtheinsecthighupintheair.Theymaybeusedtoattractmates,ortowarnpotentialattackerstostayaway.Alloftheseroles,though,dependontheirunchangingcolouration.Thisplaysintotheideathatbutterflywingsaredeadtissue,likeabird’sfeathers.Infact,that’snottrue.Forexample,insomespeciesmales’wingshavespecialcellsreleasingsomechemicalswhichattractfemales.
NanfangYu,aphysicistatColumbiaUniversity,inNewYork,hasbeenlookingintothematter.TogetherwithNaomiPierce,abutterflyspecialistatHarvardUniversity,hehasnowshown,inapaperpublishedinNatureCommunicationsinFebruary,2020,thatbutterflywingsare,indeed,verymuchalive.
Intheirexperiments,thetworesearchersusedalaser(激光)toheatupspotsonthewingsofdozensofbutterflyspecies.Whenthetemperatureoftheareaunderthelaserreached40°Corso,theinsectsrespondedwithinsecondsbydoingthingsthatstoppedtheirwingsheatingupfurther.Theseactionsincludedabutterflyturningaroundtominimizeitsprofiletothelaser,movingitswingsupanddownorsimplywalkingaway.
Butterfliesengagedinalloftheseheat-minimisingactivitiesevenwhentheresearchersblindfoldedthem.Thatsuggestedtherelevantsensorswereonthewingsthemselves.DrYuandDrPiercethereforesearchedthosewingsforlikelylookingsensorycells.Theyfoundsome,intheformofneurons(神经元)thatweresimilartoheatdetectorsknownfromotherinsects.Theyalsouncovereddisc-shapedcellsthatappearedtobesimilartopressure-sensitiveneurons.Theyguessthatthesearetheretodetectdeformationofthewing—informationaninsectcouldusetocontrolitsflightpattern.
Thethirddiscoverytheymadetocontradictthe“deadwing”ideawasthatsomebutterflywingshaveaheartbeat.Abutterfly’swingshaveveins(静脉).Thesecarryabloodlikeliquidwhich,researchershavenowfoundinmales,showsapulse(脉搏)ofseveraldozenbeatsperminute.Thesourceofthispulseappearstobethescent(气味)pad,adarkspotonthewingsthatproducesthefemale-attractingchemicals.Apparently,this“wingheart”actsasapumpthathelpsbloodlike
liquidthroughthescentpad.
Inalltheirexperimentssimulatingdifferentenvironmentalconditions,DrYuandDrPierceconsistentlyfoundthat,differentpartsofthewingarecoveredbydifferentsortsofscales(鳞屑).Inparticular,tubespassthroughscalesoverthescentpads.Thisimprovestheirabilitytospreadheatawayandhelpskeepthelivingpartsofabutterfly’swingsalive.
38.Abird’sfeathersarementionedinParagraph1to.
A.introducethelatestresearchfindingsonabird
B.highlightthespecialfeatureofabird’sfeathers
C.showcommonknowledgeaboutbutterflywings
D.stressthedifferencebetweenabutterflyandabird
39.WhatcanwelearnfromDrYuandDrPierce’sexperiments?
A.Butterflywingsarecomplicatedlivingorgans.
B.Butterflywingshavelittlereactiontoexternalheat.
C.Thescentpadsonsomemalebutterflywingsaretheirhearts.
D.Heat-minimisingactivitieshelpdetectdeformationofthewings.
40.Whatisthefunctionofscalesoverthescentpads?
A.Attractingmates.B.Increasingbloodflow.
C.Coveringpowerfultubes.D.Producingthecoolingeffect.
41.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.SeeingIsBelievingB.MoreThanMeetsTheEye
C.NothingSeek,NothingFindD.FineFeathersMakeFineBirds
2、(2020北京东城一模)
C
WeAreCyborgs
RoboCop,theBionicWoman,DarthVader—whatdothesecharactershaveincommon?
Theyareallcyborgs—humanswhoaremademorepowerfulbyadvancedtechnology.Youmightthinkthatcyborgsexistonlyinfiction,orareapossibilityonlyinthedistantfuture.Butcyborgtechnologyalreadyexists.
Theword“cyborg”wasfirstusedin1960anddefinedasanorganism“towhichexternalcomponentshavebeenaddedforthepurposeofadaptingtonewenvironments”.Accordingtothisdefinition,anastronautinaspacesuitisanexampleofcyborg,asthespacesuithelpstheastronautadapttoanewenvironment—space.Morerecently,thewordhasevolvedtorefertohumanbeingswhohavemechanicalbodypartsthatmakethemmorethanhuman.
Althoughsuper-humanslikeRoboCoparenotyetareality,advancesinreal-lifecyborgtechnologyallowsomepeopletocompensateforabilitiestheyhavelost,andgiveotherpeoplenewandunusualabilities.AnexampleisfilmmakerRobSpenceandhisbioniceye.Spenceinjuredoneofhiseyesinanaccident.Acamerawasimplantedinhisprostheticeye(假眼).Theeyeisnotconnectedtohisbrainoropticnerve(视神经),butitcanrecordwhathesees.Spencehasusedhiscameraeyetorecordinterviewsforadocumentaryaboutpeoplewithbionicbodyparts.
Sometypesofcyborgtechnologyreplacealostabilitybyconnectingdirectlytoaperson’snerves.MichaelChorostcompletelyandsuddenlylosthisabilitytohearinJulyof2001.Twomonthslater,doctorsplacedacochlearimplant,akindofcomputer,insidehisskull.Thistypeofimplantconnectstoauditorynervesandallowsadeafpersontohearagain.Aroundtheworld,over300,000peoplehavenowbeenfittedwithcochlearimplants.
Theseexamplesofcyborgtechnologyhaveenabledpeopletoenhanceorchangetheirabilitiesandimprovetheirlives.Butdoeseveryonewanttousecyborgtechnology?
Itmightbetoolatetodecide.CyborgscientistAmberCasearguesthatmostofusarealreadycyborgs.Anyonewhousesacomputerorasmartphone,Caseclaims,isacyborg.Considerthedatathatyouhaveinyoursmartphone.Itkeepsinformationforyousoyoudon’thavetorememberit:
notes,phonenumbers,emailaddresses,messages.Italsoallowsyoutocommunicatewithfriendsandfamilyviatelephone,textmessages,email,andsocialnetworks.
Thepotentialbenefitsofcyborgtechnologyareevident,butcanthisnewtechnologybeharmful,too?
Couldwebecometoodependentoncyborgtechnology—andbecomelessthanhuman?
Thesestillremainquestions.
38.Accordingtothepassage,thecyborg_______.
A.issimilartohumanbeings
B.tookrootinfictioncharacters
C.firstappearedinspaceindustry
D.hassomedeviceattachedtothebody
39.Withthehelpofcyborgtechnology,_______.
A.eyesightcanberestored
B.thenerveinjurycanberepaired
C.lostabilitiescanbereplacedbyanewskill
D.hearinglosscanbepreventedbycochlearimplants
40.AmberCaseprobablythinksthat______.
A.technologymakescyborgsbecomecommon
B.cyborgtechnologyiscrucialtomodernsociety
C.theuseofmobilesimprovescyborgtechnology
D.cyborgtechnologyhelpsimprovehumanmemory
41.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardcyborgtechnology?
A.Critical.B.Skeptical.C.Optimistic.D.Objective.
3、(2020北京房山一模)
C
TheresearchfromtheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionshowsthatfoodallergies(过敏)inchildrenhaveincreasedabout50percent.Commonsymptomsofallergicresponsesincludeitchymouth,throattightening,anddifficultiesinbreathing.
Foodallergyisamedicalconditionofexposuretocertainfoods.Itoccurswhentheimmunesystemattackstheproteininfoodthatinnormalcasesisharmless.Accordingtoreports,morethan170foodscauseallergicreactions.Themajorfoodallergensareineggs,milk,peanuts,wheat,soy,fish,treenuts,andcrustaceanshellfish.
Thereareseveralreasonsbehindtheriseinfoodallergies.Thefoodbeingproducedthesedaysishighinsugar,unhealthyfats,geneticallymodifiesandsomefoodfarmshavepesticides(农药)andotherfoodhavebeeninjecteddrugs.Allthiscanhaveanegativeimpactonourmicrobiome(微生物群),whichisthebasisofgoodhealthandimmunity.
Inastudycomparingtwochildren,a15-year-oldwholivedinurbanItalyanda14-year-oldchildfromruralAfrica,itclearlyshowedasignificantdifferenceinthediversityofbacteriaintheirguts.Thereasonliesintheirdiet.ThechildfromruralAfricahashisdietlowinfatandrichinplant-basedfoodswhicharegrownandharvestedlocallybyvillagers.Incontrast,theItaliankid’sdietwasrichinanimalprotein,sugarthenlowinfiber.Ultimately,themicrobiomeofthekidfromItalywaslessthanthatofthekidfromAfrica.Besides,theso-called‘hygienehypothesis’suggeststhatdecreasedexposuretomicrobesinearlylifecanleadtoanincreasedchanceofallergiesinlaterlife,becauseofindividualsnothavingbuiltupimmunityatayoungage.
Yetanotherreasonfortheexplosioninallergiesmaybeenvironmentalchanges.Theenvironmenthasseenariseintemperatureandisestimatedthatinthecomingdecadesthetemperaturecouldriseevenfurtherby10degrees.Asaresultofthiswarmclimate,thegrowingseasonswillbelonger,increasingallergencountthusmakingallergiesevenworse.Accordingtoscientists,climatechangeisacontributingfactorthatneedsimmediateattention.
Dr.R.Sharon,researcherofAllergyandAsthmaResearchCentreatStanfordUniversity,believesthecauseofallergieswillultimatelycomedowntoacombinationofmanyfactors.
Foodallergieshavenocurebutcanbemanagedbyavoidingfoodthatbringsthereactions.Scientistsarestudyingfoodallergiesmedicalmethodsforgeneraluse.Theyarealltryingtoactivelyunderstandacertainpartofthepuzzlewhenitcomestoallergies.
38.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
A.Scientistshavefoundaneffectivemethodtosolvefoodallergies.
B.Therecouldbemanyreasonsthatcombinetoleadtofoodallergies.
C.Environmentalchangesarethemostimportantreasonforfooda