Introduction Writingfor autonomous.docx

Introduction Writingfor autonomous.docx

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IntroductionWritingforautonomous

IntroductionWriting

Anintroductionmaybethoughtofasapreliminaryconferenceinwhichtheauthorexpectsthereadertoagreeinadvanceontheexactlimitsofthetopic,thetermstobediscussed,theangleoftheapproachandtheplanorthearrangementofthewriting.

Thepurposeofastrongintroductionistogetthereaders'interestbyposingaproblemoranissueinsufficientdetail.Tocapturethereaders'curiosity,definitionsandclearexplanationsofessentialinformationcanassurethecredibilityandhelpthereaderfeelconfidentofhisorherabilitytounderstandthetopic.Generally,thebackgroundknowledgeortheexploringofthehistoricalcontextofthetopicmayaffectthereaders'interest,whomaythenmakeadecisionaboutwhethertocontinuereadingandfindthedetailsinthepaper.Goodintroductionscreateasenseofcontroversybyintroducingtheproblemsorinadequaciesofthepreviousworksothereadersensestensionandwillwanttoseekresolutionbyreadingtherestofthepaper.Clearly,thecrucialelementofagoodintroductionisAUDIENCEAWARENESS.Tohooktheaudience/reader,itisimportanttoprovidenecessarybackgroundinformation,andstatethepurposeandthetopicofthestudy.

FunctionsoftheIntroduction

Basically,theintroductionhastwofunctions:

1）toprovidethecontextforthestudy

2）tostatethequestionaskedand/orthehypothesistested/theproblemtobesolved.inthestudy

Hence,theintroductionshouldsupplysufficientbackgroundinformationtoallowthereadertounderstandandevaluatetheresultsofthepresentstudywithoutreferringtopreviouspublicationsonthetopic.Itshouldalsoclearlyprovidetherationaleforthestudy.Insuchacaseitshouldchoosereferences（citeliterature）carefullytoprovidethemostsalientbackgroundratherthananexhaustivereviewofthetopic.Sometimes,indiscussingthepreviousworkwithliteraturereviewaproblemorahypothesisisstatedtointroducethestudytopic.Anexplicitstatementofthehypothesiswillbeanexcellentideawhendealingwithsomeproblemsinhumanitiesorsomebiologicalstudies.Thismayhelptellthereaderthattheauthorwasnotjustworkingalong,hopingsomethingwouldjumpout.Othertimesitmaystatethepurposeofthepresentresearchwhentheproblemisraised.

Insomecasesitmaygivesomeideaaboutthemethodusedinthestudyandtheprincipalresult,orabriefsummaryofthemajorfindingsofthework.

Oftenthelastparagraphorsometimesthelastpartoftheintroductionwillshowthearrangementofthepapertogiveageneraloverviewaboutwhatisgoingtobediscussedinthewholepaperortoenablethereadertoseethefocusofeachsectioninadvance.

Animportantpointistoensurethattheintroductionisfocusedanddoesnotramble.Itisneitherarepetitionoraninterpretationoftheabstract.Eventhoughitmaystatetherationaleortheoryofanexperiment,theresearchmethodorthechieffindings,itdoesnotpresentanydetaileddescriptionsoranysuggestionsandconclusions.Atthesametime,theauthorshouldnotbemodestabouthisorherresearchcapabilitiesoranyevaluationofthepaper.Evenifso,theendoftheconclusionpartmaybeagoodplace.

Therefore,aneffectiveintroductionusuallycontainsthefollowingelements

1）thegeneralbackgroundknowledge,suchasthedefinitionofaterm/terminology,thepreviousstudies（findingsandproblems）and/orareviewofhistoricaldevelopmentofthestudy;

2）thepurposeofthepresentstudy;

3）theproblemtobesolved/thehypothesistobetested;

4）ageneralviewofthepresentstudy（suchasthefunctionorstructure,themethodandthemajorfindings）

5）thearrangementororganizationofthepaper.

CharacteristicsoftheIntroduction

Toaccomplishthepurposeofestablishingthecontextforthestudy,atypicalintroductionusuallyhasthefollowingfeatures:

◆identifiesthegeneralareainwhichthestudytakesplace;

◆givesaconciseandappropriatebackgrounddiscussionoftheproblembyoutliningthemostpertinentpreviousscientificworkrelatedtotheissueunderstudy;

◆showshowthepreviousworkrelatestotheproject,demonstratingthecontinuityoftheprojectwiththatworkbutalsopointingoutthedifficultiesorinadequaciesinthepreviousworkthatprovidesthefocusfortheproject（thisistheresearchproblem）;

◆statesthehypothesisand/orresearchquestion;

◆presentsaverybriefoverviewofthepaperorexperimentalprocedure.

Henceaneffectiveintroductionshould:

∙presentabroadconceptualframework,rationaleandpurposeofstudy,includinghypothesisandpredictions

∙hookthereader

∙proceedfromgeneraltospecific-reviewcurrentknowledgeontopic（requiresliteraturecitations）andnarrowdowntothespecifictopic

∙citekeyreferencesinthefield,fromgeneraltospecific

∙giveanoverviewofthewholepaper.

Normally,theintroductionwillbeorganizedinthefollowingway.

1.startingwiththeresearchbackground;

2.transitingtotheexistingproblem;

3.focusingonthepresentresearch;

4.presentinganoverviewofthewholepaper.

Waystostartanintroduction

1.statingthetopicdirectly

2.raisingaquestionoraseriesofquestions

3.quotingfromotherresearchersorpreviouswork

4.definingaspecificterm

5.presentingthestatistics

6.givingahypothesis

Oryoumayask:

1.Whatisthebackgroundorgeneralareaofthestudy?

2.Whatisthepurposeofthispaper?

3.Whatisthepreviousworkabout?

OrWhatarethedifficultiesorinadequaciesinthepreviouswork?

4.Whatisthespecificproblem/subjectorlimitthepaperwilldiscuss?

5.Whatisthearrangementofthepaper?

Orsimply:

Whatbackground?

Whatpurpose?

Whatpreviouswork?

Whattopic?

Whatarrangement?

However,theintroductionofapaperwillbealittledifferentfromthatofathesisordissertationwhichmayshowthecontentofeachchapterinthelastpart.

WhilethefirstchapterofadissertationisnormallygiventhetitleIntroduction,anditservesmanypurposes.Itistheplacewhereyoushould

∙discussthemotivationfortheworkthatisbeingreported

∙stateanddefinetheproblemthatthedissertationistryingtoaddressorsolve

∙statetheaimsandobjectivesofthework

∙giveanindicationofhowtheworkwillbeprogressed

∙provideabriefoverviewofeachofthemainchaptersthatthereaderwillencounter

componentofadissertationintroduction

✓Subject（generaldescription）

Identifyspecifictopic,andthendefine,limitandnarrowittooneissue

✓Background

Providerelevanthistoricaldata.Discussafewkeysourcesthattouchonthespecificissue

✓Problem（theneedforthestudy）

Identifyandexplaintheproblem,complicationsandtheissue

✓Thesisstatement

Toestablishthedirectionofthestudyandtopointreaderstoyoureventualconclusion

6.1.2waystobeginanintroduction

✓startingwithanAnecdote

Letmebeginwithaspecialevent.Itoccurredin….hebegantotranslatelateindeceber1827…

✓providebackgroundinformationtobeacontextfortheissue

Thereforewecansay

“TheIntroductionshould"introduce"thepaper.Thereadershouldbepresentedwithenoughbackgroundinformationtobeabletounderstandandevaluatethepurposeofyourstudywithouthavingtorefertootherworks.Therationaleforthestudyshouldbepresented.Providesalientreferencesbutavoidtryingtomakeanexhaustivereviewofthetopic.

Intheintroduction,definetheproblemclearly.Iftheproblemisnotstatedinareasonable,understandableway,thereaderwillhavenointerestinyoursolution.Followwithsomereviewoftheliteraturetoallowthereadertounderstandwhythestudyisnecessaryandhowyouattemptedtoresolveit.Talkingeneraltermsabouttechniquesusedtosolvetheproblem,ifnecessary,butdonotpresentanyspecificsabouttheprotocolshere.Thefinalportionshouldbethestatementoftheprincipalresults.

∙Presentthenatureandthescopeoftheprobleminvestigated.

∙Provideenoughbackgroundtoorientthereaderandjustifythestudy.

∙Statethegoal/objectivesandmethodoftheinvestigation.

∙Brieflystatetheprincipalresultsoftheinvestigation.”

（http:

//www.owlnet.rice.edu/~bios311/bios311/sciarticle.html）

Swales'’ModeofIntroductionWriting

Macromodel:

Overallorganizationoftheresearchpaper（Hilletal.,1982）

IntroductionGeneral

Particular

Procedure

DiscussionParticular

General

MicromodelofResearchArticle’sIntroduction:

CARSModel:

CreateaResearchSpacemodel（Swales,1990）

Move1Establishingaterritory

Step1Claimingcentrality

And/or

Step2Makingtopicgeneralization（s）

And/or

Step3Reviewingitemsofpreviousresearch

Move2establishinganiche

Step1ACounter-claiming

or

Step1BIndicatingagap

or

Step1CQuestion-raising

or

Step1DContinuingatradition

Move3Occupyingtheniche

Step1AOutliningpurpose

or

Step1BAnnouncingpresentresearch

Step2Announcingprincipalfindings

Step3indicatingRAstructure

Thiscanbeexplainedinthefollowingtable:

Move1

Establishingaterritory

Step1Claimingcentrality

and/or

Step2Makingtopicgeneralizations

and/or

Step3Reviewingitemsofpreviousresearch

Move2

Establishinganiche

Indicatingagap

Move3

Occupyingtheniche

Outliningpurposeofpaper（arrangement）

ThefollowingshowshowonecancombineSwale'sandHoey'sapproaches.

Situation

Establishingaterritory

○

Claimingcentrality

○

Makingtopicgeneralizations

○

Reviewingitemsofpreviousresearch

Problem

Indicatingagap

Solution

Occupyingtheniche

○

Outliningpurpo