细节题补充讲义.docx
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细节题补充讲义
二、细节题FactualInformationQuestions(题型说明OGP38)
OG细节题分类总结:
P61/1P62/4、7P70/2P71/4P72/8P82/6P83/7、8、10P91/192/2、6P105/8、9P114/5、6P116/9、10P235/2P236/4P244/5P245/7P246/11P251/1P252/5P254/10
●识别:
Accordingtoparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?
Accordingtoparagraph7,untiltheeighteenthcentury,itwastheprincipalfunctionofwhichofthefollowingto...?
Accordingtoparagraph6,merchantswereabletoavoidtheriskofcarryinglargeamountsofgoldandsilverby
1.解题要点
⑴错误选项分析:
1技巧项:
极端词
例外:
2技巧项:
虚假比较(选项中带有moreorlessthan/betterthan/as…as)
解释:
正确的比较必须满足三个条件:
比较主体在文中能对应上,选项中的比较与文中的比较比的是同一个方面,且比较结果一致
●注意:
有些选项符合正常人推理但原文未提及;
未提及或与原文矛盾的内容位置越靠后干扰程度越大
原文表达但不在不在原文考点区间(考点区间通常为一至两句话),排除出现考点区间外表达的选项
⑵做题步骤
1大定位(定位到某个自然段):
2小定位(缩小定位区间至):
当题干中定位词()为
●扎眼词汇:
专有名词,数字,大写的地名、人名
●注意:
若定位词在大区间内出现不只一次,则先定位在其首次出现之处
Sincearchitecturewasnotyetaspecializedprofessioninthecolonies,thedesignofbuildingswaslefteithertoamateurdesignersortocarpenterswhoundertooktointerpretarchitecturalmanualsimportedfromEngland.
1.Accordingtothepassage,whowasresponsiblefordesigninghousesineighteenthcenturyNorthAmerica?
A.professionalarchitects
B.customers
C.interiordecorators
D.carpenters
Paragraph2:
Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebestice-boxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.
2.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould
A.completelypreventicefrommelting
B.stopairfromcirculating
C.allowicetomeltslowly
D.useblanketstoconserveice
Paragraph7:
Allthisapplies,ofcourse,onlytoanadultleatherback.Hatchlingsaresimplytoosmalltoconservebodyheat,evenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.Wedonotknowhowold,orhowlarge,aleatherbackhastobebeforeitcanswitchfromacold-bloodedtoawarm-bloodedmodeoflife.Leatherbacksreachtheirimmensesizeinamuchshortertimethanittakesotherseaturtlestogrow.Perhapstheirrushtoadulthoodisdrivenbyasimpleneedtokeepwarm.
3.Accordingtoparagraph7,whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccurateaboutyoungleatherbackturtles?
A.Theylackthecountercurrentexchangesystemsthatdevelopinadulthood.
B.Theirrateofgrowthisslowerthanthatofotherseaturtles.
C.Theyloseheateasilyevenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.
D.Theyswitchbetweencold-bloodedandwarm-bloodedmodesthroughouttheirhatchling
Paragraph1:
TwospeciesofdeerhavebeenprevalentinthePugetSoundareaofWashingtonStateinthePacificNorthwestoftheUnitedStates.Theblack-taileddeer,alowland,west-sidecousinofthemuledeerofeasternWashington,isnowthemostcommon.Theotherspecies,theColumbianwhite-taileddeer,inearliertimeswascommonintheopenprairiecountry,itisnowrestrictedtothelow,marshyislandsandfloodplainsalongthelowerColumbiaRiver.
4.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueof thewhite-taileddeerof PugetSound?
A.Itisnativetolowlandsandmarshes.
B.ItismorecloselyrelatedtothemuledeerofeasternWashingtonthantoothertypesofdeer.
C.Ithasreplacedtheblack-taileddeerintheopenprairie.
D.Itnolongerlivesinaparticulartypeofhabitatthatitonceoccupied.
WaterintheDesert
Paragraph2:
Aridlands,surprisingly,containsomeoftheworld’slargestriversystems,suchastheMurray-DarlinginAustralia,theRioGrandeinNorthAmerica,theIndusinAsia,andtheNileinAfrica.Theseriversandriversystemsareknownas"exogenous"becausetheirsourceslieoutsidethearidzone.Theyarevitalforsustaininglifeinsomeofthedriestpartsoftheworld.Forcenturies,theannualfloodsoftheNile,Tigris,andEuphrates,forexample,hasbroughtfertilesiltsandwatertotheinhabitantsoftheirlowervalleys.Today,riverdischargesareincreasinglycontrolledbyhumanintervention,creatinganeedforinternationalriver-basinagreements.ThefillingoftheAtaturkandotherdamsinTurkeyhasdrasticallyreducedflowsintheEuphrates,withpotentiallyseriousconsequencesforSyriaandIraq.
5.Accordingtoparagraph2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheNileRiver?
A.TheNile'sflowinitsdesertsectionsisatitslowestduringthedryseason.
B.TheNile'ssourcesarelocatedinoneofthemostaridzonesoftheworld.
C.TheNile'sannualfloodsbringfertilesiltsandwatertoitslowervalley.
D.TheNile'speriodicfloodinghindersthegrowthofsomecrops.
Althoughthefossilrecord,asalways,isnotcompleteenoughtodeterminedefinitivelytheevolutionarylineageofthebirdsorinasmuchdetailasonewouldlike,itisbetterinthiscasethanformanyotheranimalgroups.ThatisbecauseoftheunusualpreservationinalimestonequarryinsouthernGermanyofArchaeopteryx,afossilthatmanyhavecalledthelinkbetweendinosaursandbirds.Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.Theyhavetheskullandteethofareptileaswellasabonytail,butintheline-grainedlimestoneinwhichthesefossilsoccurtherearedelicateimpressionsoffeathersandfinedetailsofbonestructurethatmakeitclearthatArchaeopteryxwasabird.Allbirdslivingtoday,fromthegreatcondorsoftheAndestothetiniestwrens,tracetheiroriginbacktotheMesozoicdinosaurs.
6.WhatisthesignificanceofthediscoverythatwasmadeinsouthernGermany?
A.Itisthoughttodemonstratethatbirdsevolvedfromdinosaurs.
B.ItisproofthattheclimateandsoilsofEuropehavechangedovertime.
C.Itsuggeststhatdinosaursweredominantinareasrichinlimestone.
D.ItsupportsthetheorythatArchaeopteryxwasapowerfuldinosaur.
Paragraph1:
Theearliestdiscoveredtracesofartarebeadsandcarvings,andthenpaintings,fromsitesdatingbacktotheUpperPaleolithicperiod.Wemightexpectthatearlyartisticeffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.Sodothenaturalisticpaintingsonslabs,ofstoneexcavatedinsouthernAfrica.Someofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchas28,000yearsago,whichsuggeststhatpaintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.Butpaintingmaybeevenorderthanthat.TheearlyAustraliansmayhavepaintedonthewallsofrocksheltersandclifffacesatleast30,000yearsago,andmaybeasmuchas60,000yearsago.
7.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpaintinginEurope?
A.ItismucholderthanpaintinginAustralia.
B.Itisasmuchas28,000yearsold.
C.ItisnotasoldaspaintinginsouthernAfrica.
D.Itismuchmorethan30,000yearsold.
Paragraph1:
Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday’s.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.
8.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?
A.Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.
B.Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.
C.Theclimatewasverysimilartotoday’sclimate.
D.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.
Geologicaltime
新生代
中生代
白垩纪
侏罗纪
三叠纪
古生代
寒武纪
●板块构造学说:
PlatetectonicsisascientifictheorywhichdescribesthelargescalemotionsofEarth'slithosphere.Thetheorybuildsontheolderconceptsofcontinentaldriftandseafloorspreading.Thelithosphereisbrokenupintowhatarecalledtectonicplates.InthecaseofEarth,therearecurrentlyseventoeightmajor(dependingonhowtheyaredefined)andmanyminorplates.Thelithosphericplatesrideontheasthenosphere(岩流圈,软流圈).Theseplatesmoveinrelationtooneanotheratoneofthreetypesofplateboundaries:
convergent(),orcollisionalboundaries;divergent()boundaries,alsocalledspreadingcenters;andtransform(错动型)boundaries.Earthquakes,volcanicactivity,mountain-buildingandoceanictrenchformationoccuralongplateboundaries.
Paragraph4:
Otherdimensionsalongwhichthetwogroupsdiffermarkedlyaredensityandcomposition.Thedensitiesoftheterrestrialplanetsaverageabout5timesthedensityofwater,whereastheJovianplanetshavedensitiesthataverageonly1.5timesthedensityofwater.Oneoftheouterplanets,Saturn,hasadensityofonly0.7thatofwater,whichmeansthatSaturnwouldfloatinwater.Variationsinthecompositionoftheplanetsarelargelyrespo