accaF4背诵课件已修改教学内容.docx
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accaF4背诵课件已修改教学内容
accaF4背诵课件-已修改
1.OFFER(anofferisdifinitepromisetobeboundonspecifictermsandmustbedistiguishedfromthemeresupplyofinformationanfromaninvitationtotreat)
Inthelawofcontract,anofferisadefinitepromisetoanothertobeboundonspecificterms.Itiscapableof(能够)acceptancesoastoformabindingcontract.\\\Anoffercanbemadetoanindividual,aclassofpersonsortotheworldatlargeanditcanbeacceptedbytheconductoftheofferee(CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBallCo1893)thesmokeballmustprotecttheuserduringtheperiodofuse-theofferwasnotvague.Suchanofferwaspossible,asitcouldbecomparedtorewardcases.\\\Onceanofferhasbeenaccepted,abindingcontractiscreated.Eitherpartymaylegallyenforcethepromiseoftheother.
Supplyofinformation
Ameresupplyofinformationisnotanoffer,becausethereisnointentiontobebound.Forexample,statingtheminimumpricethatonewouldconsiderifasaleweretobeagreeddoesnotmakeanoffer(HarveyvFacey1893)Thedefendant’stelegramwasmerelyastatementofhisminimumpriceifasaleweretobeagreed.itwasnotanofferwhichtheclaimantcouldaccept.
Statementofintention
Similarly,amerestatementofintentionisnotanofferneither.advertisinganeventsuchasanauctionwilltakeplacedoesnotmakeanoffer.(HarrisvNickerson).
2.INVITATIONTOTREAT
Aninvitationtotreatisanindicationthatsomeoneispreparedtoreceiveofferswiththeintentiontoformabindingcontract.Thereisnobindingcontractuntilthisofferismadeand,inturn,accepted.
Advertisements
Anadvertisementofgoodsforsaleisusuallyanattempttoinduceoffers(PartridgevCrittenden1968)
Displayofgoodsinashopwindow
ashopkeeperwasprosecutedforofferingforsaleanoffensiveweaponbyexhibitingaflickknifeintheshopwindow.InFishervBell1961,Thedisplayofanarticlewithapriceonitinashopwindowismerelyaninvitationtotreat.Itwasheldthatthiswasnotanofferforsale,butaninvitationtotreat.
Auctionsales(拍卖)
Anauctioneer’srequestforbidisnotanoffertoselltothehighestbidder,butaninvitationtotreat.Thebiditselfisanoffer,whichtheauctioneeristhenfreetoacceptorreject(PaynevCave1789).
Invitationsfortenders(竞标)
3.ACCEPTANCEOFANOFFER
ACCEPTANCE
Validacceptanceofavalidofferisoneoftheessencialsofacontract\\\
Anacceptancemustbeanunqualified(无条件的)agreementtothetermsoftheoffer.Acceptanceisgenerallynoteffectiveuntilcommunicatedtotheofferor,exceptwherethe‘postalrule’applies.Apurportedacceptancewhichintroducesanynewtermsisacounter-offer,whichhastheeffectofterminatingtheoriginaloffer(HydevWrench1840).Theoriginalofferof1000hadbeenterminatedbythecounter-offerof950.
Aresponsetoanofferwhichisactuallyarequestforfurtherinformationwillnotformanacceptance.
Acceptance‘subjecttocontract’
Acceptance‘subjecttocontract’meansthattheoffereeisagreeabletothetermsoftheofferbutproposesthatthepartiesshouldnegotiateaformalcontract.Neitherpartyisbounduntiltheformalcontractissigned.
Methodofacceptance
Theacceptanceofanofferismadebyapersonauthorisedtodoso,usuallytheoffereeorhisauthorisedagent.Insomecircumstance(CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBallCo1893),performanceoftheactrequiredbytheofferoradvertisementconsititutesanacceptacne.Theremustbesomeactonthepartoftheoffereesincepassiveinactionorsilenceisnotcapableofacceptance(FelthosevBindley1862)Theactionfailed.theclaimanthadnotitletothehorse.
Thecommunicationofacceptance
Acceptanceisgenerallynoteffectiveuntilcommunicatedtotheofferor,exceptwherethe‘postalrule’applies,ortheofferorwaivestheneedforcommunication.Theofferormayspecifythesolemeansofcommunication,inwhichcaseonlycompliancewiththeirtermswillsuffice
Postalrule
CommunicationofacceptancebymeansofpostissubjecttothepostalruleestablishedinAdamsvLindsell1818Theacceptancewasmade‘incourseofpost’(notimelimitwasimposed)andwassffectivewhenpostedon5Sep..
Itprovidesthatwheretheuseofthepostiswithinthecontemplation(期望)ofbothparties,andtheletteriscorrectlyaddressedandstampedandputintothepost,theacceptanceiscompleteandeffectiveassoonasaletterisposted,eventhoughitmaybedelayedorevenlostinthepost.
Theintentiontousethepostforcommunicaitonofacceptancemaybededucedfromthecircumstances.
Iftheofferorspecifiesaparticularmeansofcommunication,thepostalrulemaynotapply
4.REVOCATIONOFANOFFER
Theofferormayrevokeorcanceltheofferatanytimebeforeacceptanceunlessbyaseparateopinionagreement,theyagreetokeeptheofferopenforacertain