语言学补充练习1 3.docx
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语言学补充练习13
第一章语言学入门知识:
I.名词解释
1.culturaltransmission(asadefiningpropertyoflanguage)
Answer:
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Incontrast,animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Theyarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.
2.descriptivelinguisticsvs.prescriptivelinguistics
Answer:
Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.Linguisticstudiesbeforethe204centuryarelargelyprescriptivewhereasmodemlinguisticismostlydescriptive.
II.判断正误(TforTrueandFforFalse)
1.Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformation,itservesaninformativefunction.
Answer:
F(Itservesaninterrogativefunction).
2.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.
Answer:
F(Theprimaryunitsinthesesystemscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.Sowhattheylackisthesecondarylevelofarticulation.)3.Descriptivelinguisticsareconcernedwithhowlanguageswork,notwithhowtheycanbeimproved.
Answer:
T
III.填空题
1.Bysayingthat"languageisarbitrary",wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand.
Answer:
sounds
2.ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleismadebytheSwisslinguistEdeSaussure.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceismadebytheAmericanlinguist.
Answer:
NoamChomsky
3.Anapproachtolinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis.
Answer:
prescriptive
IV.选择题
1.Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystem,humanlanguageis.
A.stimulusfree
B.stimulusbound
C.underimmediatestimuluscontrol
D.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest
Answer:
A
2.hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodemlinguistics.
a.Chomskyb.Saussurec.Bloomfieldd.JohnLyon
Answer:
b
V.问答题
l.Islanguageproductiveornot?
Why?
Inlinguistics,,language?
only
Answer:
Firstly,Languageisproductiveorcreative.Thismeansthatlanguageuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Secondly,Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemshavealimitedrepertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thirdly,Theproductivityorcreativityofhumanlanguageoriginatesfromitsduality.Becauseofduality,thespeakercancombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences.Theproductivityoflanguagealsomeansitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.Thisismadepossiblebytherecursivenatureoflanguage.
2.Commentonthefollowingstatement:
meanswhatapersonsaysorsaidinagivensituation
Answer:
Thisstatementisincorrect.Inlinguistics,"language"hasseverallayersofmeaning:
firstly,thewholeofaperson?
slanguage,e.g.Shakespeare?
slanguage;secondly,aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting,e.g.scientificlanguage,literarylanguage,colloquiallanguage;thirdly,anabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity,e.g.theEnglishlanguage,theChineselanguage;lastly,thereisanevenmoreabstractsenseof"language",referringtothecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthatdistinguishthemfromanimalcommunicationsystemsoranyartificiallanguage.
3.Pointoutthreewaysinwhichlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.
Answer:
Firstly,mostlinguisticanalysestodayfocusonspeechratherthanwriting.Secondly,modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarislargelyprescriptive.Thirdly,athirddifferenceisthepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionoverthetraditionaldiachronicstudies.
4.WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
Answer:
Saussure?
slangueissocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.
第二章语音学和音位学
I.名词解释
1.narrowtranscription
Answer:
Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthe“broadtranscriptionth”etranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,and
theotheris“narrowtranscr-i-p-tihoentranscr”iptionwithletter-symbols
accompaniedbythediacriticswhichcanhelpbringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.
2.Illustratetheterm“allophone”withatleastoneappropriateexample.
Answer:
Allophonesarethedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning.Forexample,inEnglish,thephoneme/l/ispronounceddifferentlyin"let","play"and"tell".Thefirst/l/ismadebyraisingthefrontofthetonguetothehardpalate,whilethevocalcordsarevibrating;thesecond/l/ismadewiththesametonguepositionasthefirst,butthevocalcordsarenotvibrating;andthethird/l/ismadebyraising
notonlythefrontbyalsothebackofthetonguewhilethevocalcordsarevibrating.
II判断正误(TforTrueandFforFalse)
1./o/isamid-highfrontroundedvowel.
Answer:
F.(/o/isamid-highBACKroundedvowel.)
2.Aphonemeinonelanguageoronedialectmaybeanallophoneinanotherlanguageordialect.
Answer:
T.
III.填空题:
1.Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusare,,
and.
Answer:
pharynx,thenasalcavity,theoralcavity
2.Bythepositionofthepartofthetongue,vowelsandclassifiedas
frontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.
Answer:
highest.
3.referstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofan
adjacentsound.
Answer:
Assimilation.
4.Youarerequiredtofillintheblanksbelowabidingbytheinstancegivenbeforehand.
Example:
/p/:
voicedbilabialstop
/s/:
/g/:
/t?
/:
/t/:
/f/:
Answer:
/s/:
voicelessalveolarfricative
/g/:
voicedvelarstop
/t?
/:
voicelessalveo-palatal/post-alveolaraffricate
/t/:
voiceddentalfricative
/f/:
voicelesslabiodentalfricative
5.Whichofthefollowingwordswouldbetreatedasminimalpairsandminimalsets?
pat,penmore,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,bet,heel,ten,men,pit,main,hit,eat,man
Answer:
pat,fat;pat,pit;pit,hit;
pen,ten;ten,men;
heat,eat;heat,heel;
tape,tale;
bun,ban;
chain,main;
bell,bet;
meal,heel;
man,men,main.
IV.选择题
1.Allsyllablescontaina(n).
a.nucleus
b.coda
c.onset
Answer:
a
2.isoneofthesupersegmentalfeatures.
a.Stop
b.Voicing
c.Deletion
d.Tone
Answer:
d
3.WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?
a.dentalstop
b.bilabialstop
c.alveolarstop
d.velarstop
Answer:
a
4.isnotanEnglishconsonant.
a.Labiodentalplosive
b.Alveolarnasal
c.Velarstop
d.Dentalfricative
Answer:
a
V.辨音选择
1.Whatarethedistinctivefeaturesthatgroupthefollowingsoundsinthesesets?
1)/f,v,s/
2)/p,f,b/
3)/g,z,b/
4)/k,g,w/
5)/m,n,?
/
Answer:
1)fricative2)obstruent3)voiced4)velar
5)nasal
2.Thereisonesegmentthatdoesnotbelongtothenaturalclassineachofthefollowinggroupsofspeechsounds.Youarerequiredtoidentifythatsegmentandlabelthenaturalclass,usingadescriptivetermasspecificaspossible.
a)/m/,/n/,/w/,/?
/
b)/v/,/w/,/z/,/t/
c)/n/,/f/,/l/,/s/,/t/,/d/,/z/
Answer:
1)/w/isasemi-vowel,andtheothersareallnasals.
2)/t/isvoiceless,andtheothersarevoiced.
3)/f/islabiodental,andtherestarealveolar
VI.问答题
1.Circlethewordsthatcontainasoundasrequired:
1)alowvowel:
pipe,gather,article,leave,cook
2)abilabialconsonant:
cool,lad,leap,bomb,push
3)anapproximant:
luck,boots,word,once,table
4)afrontvowel:
god,neat,pit,lush,cook
5)avelar:
god,fast,chat,lake,quick
2.Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.Answer:
Firstly,a“phonei”saphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesmayormaynotdistinguishmeaning.Secondly,a"phoneme"isaphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Asanabstractunit,aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound.Itisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Thirdly,thephonesrepresentingaphonemearecalledits"allophones".Howaphonemeisrepresentedbyaphone,orwhichallophoneistobeused,isdeterminedbythephoneticcontextinwhichitoccurs.Butthechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandombutrule-governedinmostcases.
3.Whenwearepronouncingthefollowingphrases,howdoweactuallyarticulatethe"n"soundintheword"ten"?
Dowestillpronounceitas/n/?
1)tenhouses2)tenteachers3)tencolleges4)tenpupils5)tenbuildings
6)tenclassesAnswer:
1)/n/
2)/n/
3)/?
/
4)/m/
5)/m/
6)/?
/
4.Howmanyfunctionsdothevocalcordshaveintheproductionofspeechsounds?
Answer:
Theyhavethreefunctions:
tomakeaglottalstop,toproduceavoicedsoundandtoproduceavoicelesssound.
第三章形态学
I.名词解释
1.morpheme
Answer:
Themorphemeisthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordr