语言学补充练习1 3.docx

1、语言学补充练习1 3第一章 语言学入门知识：I. 名词解释1 cultural transmission (as a defining property of language)Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese spea

2、ker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They

3、are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.2 descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguisticsAnswer: A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior. Linguis

4、tic studies before the 204 century are largely prescriptive whereas modem linguistic is mostly descriptive.II. 判断正误( T for True and F for False)1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative function.Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).2 Most animal communication s

5、ystems lack the primary level of articulation.Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divided into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.) 3 Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.Answer: T

6、III. 填空题1By saying that language is arbitrary, we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and .Answer: sounds2 The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist E de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist .

7、Answer: Noam Chomsky3 An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is .Answer: prescriptiveIV. 选择题1 Unlike animal communication system, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimu

8、lated by some occurrence of communal interestAnswer： A2. has been widely accepted as the forefather of modem linguistics.a. Chomsky b. Saussure c. Bloomfield d. John LyonAnswer: bV. 问答题l. Is language productive or not? Why?In linguistics, ,language? onlyAnswer: Firstly, Language is productive or cre

9、ative. This means that language users can understand and produce sentencesthey have never heard before. Secondly, Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, The productivit

10、y or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences.This is made possible by the recursive nature

11、of language.2. Comment on the following statement:means what a person says or said in a given situationAnswer: This statement is incorrect. In linguistics, language has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a person?s language, e.g. Shakespeare?s language; secondly, a particular variety o

12、r level of speech or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of language

13、, referring to the common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or any artificial language.3. Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.Answer: Firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writi

14、ng. Secondly, modem linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. What is the major difference between Saussure s distinction between langue and par

15、ole and Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?Answer: Saussure?slangue is social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure studies language more from a sociological point of view while Cho

16、msky studies it more from a psychological point of view.第二章 语音学和音位学I. 名词解释1 narrow transcriptionAnswer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the “ broadtranscription th”e transcription with letter-symbols only, andthe other is “ narrow transcr-i-p-tihoen transcr”iption with letter-

17、symbolsaccompanied by the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.2. Illustrate the term “ allophone ” with at least one appropriate example.Answer: Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different bu

18、t do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in let, play and tell. The first /l/ is made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same t

19、ongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raisingnot only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.II 判断正误( T for True and F for False)1. /o/ is a mid-high front rounded vowel.Answer: F. (/o/ is a mid-high BAC

20、K rounded vowel.)2. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.Answer: T.III. 填空题：1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are , ,and .Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity2. By the position of the part of the tongue, vowels an

21、d classified asfront vowels, central vowels and back vowels.Answer: highest.3. refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of anadjacent sound.Answer: Assimilation.4. You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance given beforehand.Example: /p/: voiced bilabial

22、stop/s/: /g/: /t? /: /t/: /f /: Answer:/s/: voiceless alveolar fricative/g/: voiced velar stop/t? /: voiceless alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate/ t /: voiced dental fricative/f /: voiceless labiodental fricative5. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets?pa

23、t, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, manAnswer:pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;pen, ten; ten, men;heat, eat; heat, heel;tape, tale;bun, ban;chain, main;bell, bet;meal, heel;man, men, main.IV. 选择题1. All syllables contain a(

24、n) .a. nucleusb. codac. onsetAnswer: a2. is one of the supersegmental features.a. Stopb. Voicingc. Deletiond. ToneAnswer: d3. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?a. dental stopb. bilabial stopc. alveolar stopd. velar stopAnswer: a4. is not an English consonant.a. Labiodental

25、plosiveb. Alveolar nasalc. Velar stopd. Dental fricativeAnswer: aV. 辨音选择1. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?1) /f, v ,s/2) /p, f, b/3) /g, z, b/4) /k, g, w/5) /m, n, ?/Answer: 1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar5) nasal2. There is one segment t

26、hat does not belong to the natural class in each of the following groups of speechsounds. You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as specific as possible.a) /m/, /n/, /w/, / ? /b) /v/, /w/, /z/, /t/c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /d/, /z/Answer:1)

27、/w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals.2) /t/ is voiceless, and the others are voiced.3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolarVI. 问答题1 Circle the words that contain a sound as required:1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bom

28、b, push3) an approximant: luck, boots, word, once, table4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick2 Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. Answer: Firstly, a “ phone i”s a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and prod

29、uce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a phoneme is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound. It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic c

30、ontext. Thirdly, the phones representing a phoneme are called its allophones. How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random but rule-governed in most cases.3 When we ar

31、e pronouncing the following phrases, how do we actually articulate the n sound in the word ten? Do we still pronounce it as /n/?1) ten houses 2) ten teachers 3) ten colleges 4) ten pupils 5) ten buildings6) ten classes Answer: 1) /n/2) /n/3) / ? /4) /m/5) /m/6) / ? /4 How many functions do the vocal

32、 cords have in the production of speech sounds?Answer: They have three functions: to make a glottal stop, to produce a voiced sound and to produce a voiceless sound.第三章形态学I. 名词解释1 morphemeAnswer: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or dr