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自外交语言中模糊语言的语用研究
湖 南科技大学
毕业设 计(论文 )
题目
作者
学院
专业
学号
指导教师
二0一三年六月四日
ﻬVagueLanguageandItsPragmaticFunctioninDiplomaticLanguage
A Thesis
Submittedto
SchoolofForeignStudies
Hunan University ofScienceand Technology
InPartial Fulfillmentof
TheRequirementsfor
TheDegreeofBachelor ofArts
By
XXX
UndertheSupervision of
XXX
June,2013
湖南科技大学
毕业设计(论文)任务书
外国语 学院 应用英语 系(教研室)
系(教研室)主任:
(签名)年月 日
学生姓名:
学号:
专业:
英 语
1设计(论文)题目及专题:
外交语言中模糊语言的语用研究
2 学生设计(论文)时间:
自 2012年12月5日开始至2013年6月10日止
3设计(论文)所用资源和参考资料:
1)Channell,Joanna.2000.VagueLanguage[M]. Shanghai:
ShanghaiForeign LanguageEducation Press.
2) He,Ziran.2006.Noteson Pragmatics [M].Nanjing:
Nanjing normal universitypress.
3) 伍铁平.1999.模糊语言学[M].上海:
上海外语教育出版社.
4)刘帅.2012.政治外交活动中模糊语言的应用及口译策略[D].硕士论文.福建师范大学.
5)李颖.2007.模糊语言在整治外交场合的应用[J].中国西部科技(12):
58-60.
4 设计(论文)应完成的主要内容:
在外交语言中模糊语的广泛使用使得外交顺利进行。
为理解模糊语言是如何实现这一功能。
本论文拟将对外交场合的模糊语言进行详细分析,基于语用学理论框架,借助相关理论基础进行研究。
5提交设计(论文)形式(设计说明与图纸或论文等)及要求:
1)要求学生认真、独立完成毕业论文的写作
2)要求按照学校规定的论文格式撰写论文
3)要求及时同指导老师进行沟通,按步骤完成论文的写作和答辩工作。
6发题时间:
2012年 12月10 日
指导教师:
(签名)
学 生:
(签名)
Acknowledgments
Thereareso many peoplewhomIwishtoextendmygratitudeto duringmycompositionof thethesisand thepast fouryearsof studyinthe university.
ﻩI wouldfirstexpressmyappreciationtoXXX,mysupervisor, whose guidanceandinsightfulcriticismhave been greatly helpfulin thewritingofthethesis. I have beenimpressedandinspiredbyherpatienceandencouragement,withoutwhichthis presentstudywouldnothavebeenwhatitis.
MythanksalsogototheSchoolofForeign Studies,HunanUniversityofScience and Technology,whereI hadgreatopportunitiestoattendclassesand improvemyself inknowledge aswellas mycharacterformation.
ﻩMygratitude willalso extendtomyclassmatesandfriendswhohavehelped meall alongthe pastfouryearsandwhohavegiven my goodadviceinmystudy.
Last butnotthe least,I’dlike toexpressmythankstomyparents.Theirloveandconcern formegivesmeendlessstrengthandcourageonthewayto graduation.
Abstract
Vaguenessis awidespreadphenomenoninhumanlanguagecommunication.However, vaguenessinlanguageisnota barrier ofcommunication.In contrast,itkeepstheconversation operatingcorrectlyandestablishes theflexibility anddiversityoflanguage expression.Asabasic carrierofdiplomatic activities, diplomaticlanguagecan reflectacountry's foreignpolicy anditsforeignrelations,anditisalsoapowerful weaponused bydiplomatsindealingwithexternal relations.Therefore,theproperuse ofdiplomaticlanguage isofvitalimportance.Thispaper discusses theembodimentofvagueness. And thenbasedonpragmatictheory, thispaperanalyzesvaguelanguageindifferent diplomaticoccasions.Thearticlecomestotheconclusionthatpragmaticfunctionsofvaguelanguageis beingpolite,providing therightamountof information, achieving self-protection, declaring ones standandallowingforunforeseen circumstances.Therefore, itwillhaveapositive impactondiplomacy.
KeyWords:
vaguelanguage;pragmatics;diplomaticlanguage
中文摘要
模糊性是一种广泛存在于人类语言交际中的语言现象。
然而,语言的模糊性并不会阻碍交际的正常进行。
相反,它确保了交际的有效正常运行,并增强了语言表达的灵活性和多样性。
作为外交工作的载体,外交语言可体现一国的外交政策并影响其外交关系,也是外交官在处理对外关系时的一项有力武器。
因此,如何恰当使用外交语言便显得至关重要。
本文首先分析了模糊语言的表现形式。
再基于语用学理论框架,对外交场合的模糊语言进行分析。
文章得出结论:
模糊语言的语用功能是为了符合礼貌原则,提供适量信息,保护自我,表达立场并留有余地,从而对外交带来积极影响。
关键词:
模糊语言;语用学;外交语言
Contents
Acknowledgments
Abstract
中文摘要
Introduction1
. AnIntroductiontoVague Language 2
1.1 TheOrigin of VagueLanguage2
1.2 TheDefinitionofVagueLanguage3
. TheEmbodimentofVague Languagein DiplomaticLanguage5
2.1VaguenessatLexicalLevel5
2.2Vagueness atSyntacticalLevel7
2.3Vaguenessat DiscourseLevel 8
. ThePragmatic FunctionsofVague Languagein DiplomaticLanguage10
3.1BeingPolite10
3.2GivingtheRightAmountofInformation11
3.3AchievingSelf-protection12
3.4DeclaringOne'sStand 13
3.5AllowingforUnforeseenCircumstances14
Conclusion15
Bibliography16
Introduction
Since ancient times,vaguelanguagehasattracted people's attention. Thoughtheydo notadvancetheconcept of vagueness,theyunderstandtheimportanceof it. And now,vaguelanguagebecomesquiteuniversalinhuman languagecommunication.L.A.Zadehhas indicatedthat“objectsencounteredinthe real world,usuallydo nothave specifiedboundary”(伍铁平1999:
34,translatedbytheauthor).Inourdailylife,vagueconceptsexisteverywhereandpeoplecannotalwaysusepreciseconceptsinsteadof vagueconcept(伍铁平1999). Fromwhat hesaid,thesignificanceofvaguelanguage canbeseenclearly.
Diplomacy (fromLatindiploma, meaninganofficialdocument,whichinturn derivesfrom theGreekδίπλωμα,meaning a folded paper/document)is the artandpractice of conductingnegotiationsbetween representativesofgroupsorstates(wikipedia). Generally speaking,different countrieshavedifferent opinionsonsomebigissues, anditoftenreflectsthebasicinterestsofanation.Sohow touseproperwordsto expressbecomesakeypoint. Furthermore,diplomaticlanguage couldnot bestraightforwardinmostcase, sovague languagecomes tobethebest choice.
AsHeZiranhasindicated vaguenessshouldbestudied frompragmaticaspect,whichmeansanalyzingtheuseofvaguelanguage andunderstandinghowit makeshuman communicationoperate smoothly.Otherwise,itdoesn'tmakeany sense(何自然2000).Therefore,the pragmaticfunctionofvague language indiplomaticlanguageshouldbe focused on. And this paperdiscussesvaguelanguagefromthree aspects:
anintroductionto vaguelanguage,itsembodimentand itspragmaticfunctionsin diplomaticlanguage.
An IntroductiontoVagueLanguage
In our dailylife,weoftenuse some blurrywords tocommunicatewith others.For example,ifyouasksomeone “todayis coldor not”andheorshe says“a little cold”,heor she is answeringwithvagueness, becauseonecannotsaywhat“alittlecold”exactlyis.However,thelistenerscanget theinformationwhich hewants.That means peoplefrequentlyusevaguelanguageindailycommunication withoutrealizing it.However,bydoing so,people can easilybeunderstood by others.Fromsomeaspects,itis interesting thatwhyvague languagecansimplifytheconversation.Tounderstandthis,thispapertriesto workouthowitworks.
1.1TheOriginofVagueLanguage
The studyof vagueness may be tracedback toancientGreece.Atthat timeGreekscholars begantostudyvaguelanguagefrom theperspective ofphilosophyandsemantics.
Thefirstonetonoticethephenomenon ofvaguelanguageisMegarianSchoolwho broughtvaguenessinto philosophy.Eubullides,arepresentativeofMegarianSchool,hasadvanced thefamoussortiesparadoxof theheap.“It istruethatone graindoesnotconstituteaheap.Supposefor anynumber“n”,ifit does notformaheap,then “n+1”grain alsodonotformaheap.Therefore, nomatterhow manygrainsexisthere theydo notform aheap”.(伍铁平1999:
134 ,translatedby theauthor)
Thoughthis inferenceseemstobetrueandreasonable, itis totallyunacceptable. Thereasonisthatthe conceptofheapis fuzzy. Noone canclearly saywhat aheapofgrainis.In otherwords,aheap ofgrain is avague concept.Onecannotjudgewhetheritis heap or not.We evencan'tuseadefinitenumber1,2,or3⋯todefineit.
ItisregrettedthatafterEubulidesthevaguenessin language hastobeignoredabouttwothousandyears. Untilthetwentiethcentury,vague languageattractedscholars' attentionagain. Andin 1965,the publicationof“FuzzySets'’in Informationand ControlbyL.A.Zadeh has selectedtheword“Fuzzy”asthetermsofscientificconceptswhich indicatesthat“FuzzyTheoryhascomeintobeing”.(黎千驹2007:
11,translatedbytheauthor)
1.2TheDefinitionofVague Language
Pierce(1902)isoften consideredastheoriginatorofthenotionofvaguenessinlanguage.Hehasformulatedthenotioninarigorousway:
Apropositionisvaguewhere there arepossiblestatesofthingsconcerningwhichit is intrinsicallyuncertain whether,had they been contemplatedbythe speaker,hewouldhaveregardedthem asexcluded orallowedbythe proposition.Byintrinsically uncertain wemeannotuncertaininconsequenceofany ignorance oftheinterpreter,but becausethe speaker`shabitsoflanguagewereindeterminate;Sothatone dayhewouldregardthe propositionas excluding,anotherasadmitting, thosestatesofthings.Yetthismustbeunderstoodtohave referenceto whatmightbededuced fromaperfectknowledge of hisstateofmind;foritispreciselybecausethese questionsneverdid,ordid notfrequently,presentthemselves thathishabitremainedindeterminate.(ascited inChannell2000:
7)
In thispassage,Piercehasexplainedthatspeakersusuallyuseuncertain wordstoexpresswhattheywanttosay.The meaningofthewords will changeoncetheprerequisitechange.Forexample,there isa1.58-meter-highboy.Butwhetherwe cansay“Heis a tallboy”ornotdependson the situation.Compared witha5-year-oldboy,heis certainlytall.On thecontrary,comparedwith themalebasketball playersheis tooshort.Thisiscausedbythereisnoclearconceptof whatis“tall”.IntheOxfordAdvancedLearner'sEnglish-Chinesedictionary,theword“tall”hastwomeanings:
one is “havingagreaterthanaverage height”,the otheris “usedtodescribeor ask abouttheheightofsb/sth” (霍恩比2009:
2063).Wecanlearn thateither ofthemcanexplainwhatexactly“tall”i