智能建筑外文翻译中英文.docx

智能建筑外文翻译中英文.docx

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智能建筑外文翻译中英文

外文文献翻译原文及译文

（节选重点翻译）

智能建筑外文文献翻译中英文

文献出处：

期刊：

AlexandriaEngineeringJournal，第57卷，第4期。

2018，页码：

2903-2910.

译文字数：

4800多字

原文

Intelligentbuilding,definitions,factorsandevaluationcriteriaofselection

OsamaOmar

Abstract

Intelligent buildingdesign isthefutureof buildingindustries.Mostmodernpublicand residentialbuildings areplannedwiththeobjectiveofdecreasingexpensesby reducingenergyconsumption.Enhancingenergypreservationstrategiesandusing sustainabledesign approachesarenecessaryfactorsindevelopingthisfield.However,manydefinitionsof'intelligentbuildings'arevagueanddon'tmirroralltheparameters.Becauseofthelackofpracticalcontextinclusiveofthefactorsthatregardthedesignofsuchsystems,acomprehensiveframeworkcontainingtheconvolutedcriteriaisdemandedasa decision-making tool.Inthisresearch,amulti-criteriaframeworkcomposedofsixty-eightsubfactorsonthe corelevel isproposedasacomprehensivetoolfortheselectivecategorizationofintelligentbuildings.Onthe secondarylevel,eightqualityconditioncomponentsareconsideredas primaryfactors alongsidethefactorsofenergyandenvironment,spaceflexibility,cost-effectiveness,clientcomfort,workingefficiency,safety,culture,andtechnology.Bytheendofthisresearch,thefinalfindingswillendorsetheusageofintelligentbuildingsfromtwopointsofview:

Thefirstincludesamulti-criteriamodelusedtodefineallfactorsinvolvedinthe designprocess,andthesecondproposesaconceptualmodelwhichaidsinreducingthe carbondioxideemissions.

Keywords：

Smartcities，Sustainability，Energyconsumption，Intelligentbuildings

1. Introduction

Uponresearch,itisrecognisedthatbuildingsdocumentedanastonishinglyhighof41%of energyconsumption intheUnitedStates [2].However,in2004,inEU,itisrecognizedthatbuildingconsumptionwasdocumentedas37%offinalenergy,whichonitsownislargerthanthatdocumentedfor industrialsectors （28%）andthatoftransportreaching（32%）.Also,theamountof energyusage inbuildingsofthe UnitedKingdom risesfaintlyhigherthanthatoftheEuropeanfigure（39%） [5].Still,thereremainseffectiveandeye-catchingchancestolessenthe energyuse ofbuildings’whilebeingcosteffectiveandhavingnoticeablereturnsthanthoseofothersectors.Consequently,these reductions aidedinachievingtheInternationalEnergyAgency’s（IEA）,whichissummarizedinreaching77%reductionofthe carbonfootprint onearthincomparisontothebaselineprovidedin2050andareconsideredtobeessentialfactorsinreachingthisgoal.Thismeetsthetargetofthe IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange （IPCC）whichistoreachstabilizedCO2levels.Furthermore,inaninvestigationconductedby WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment （WBCSD）in2009,itwasdemonstratedthattheenergyconsumedbybuildingscanbeminimizedradically,whichwillleadto savingenergyequivalenttotheentiretransportsectortoday [7].

Inordertohelpaddress climatechange, gridelectricity canbedependedonmoresinceitoriginatesfromnon-fossilsources（suchassolarandwind）inordertomakeadifference.Also,therearenumeroussignificantbenefitstolesseningenergyconsumptionasithelpstopreserve limitedresources whilealsolesseningthecostsforbothbenefittingbusinessesandconsumersinashortamountoftime.Furthermore,thedemandfornon-carbonsourcesisprobabletobeminimizedforyearstocome.Therefore,inordertotransferintothedirectionofalow carboneconomy,itisfundamentaltomake“moreintelligent”useofenergyinbuildingswhichwillsignificantlyaffectthenumbersonenergyusageandcostsavings.Thisiswhy‘Energyintelligentbuildings’arebecomingthenexthypeinmodernday commercialbuilding designswhichtargetenablingintelligentcontrolofthebuilding [7].Theonefactorthathasclearandlargeeffecton spaceheating,coolingandventilationdemand,istheoccupantpresenceandhisbehaviourwithinbuildingswhicharedirectlyrelatedtoenergyconsumptionbydailyusageoflightingandspace appliances aswellasbuildingcontrols [3].Asshowninmanycases,carelessnessandignorancemayaddone-thirdcostoverthecostsofdesigningappropriate energyperformance inbuildings,whereasanawareandwisebehaviourcansavetheamount. [8],see Fig.1.

Countries,suchasLebanon,whichhaveprofuse naturalenergy resources,likeasoilandgasforinstance,stillhave energyissues.Yetinsimilarmatters,accordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgencystatistics,Lebanonisnotaccountablefortheenergyproducedoritsuse.

However,someconsequencesmayincludethedecreaseofproperwellbeingandcomfortofuserswhichwillthereforeaffecttheir productivity andsatisfaction.Thisiswhythe efficientmanagement of energysupplies throughorganizingtheuseofavailableresources,aswellasusingmethodsthatoptimizeenergyconsumptionwhileretaining highlevel of livingstandards isthecorefocusofnumerousresearches [5].

The increasingdemand for sustainabledesigns andgreenarchitecturehasdirectedtheindustrytowardsthedevelopmentofafreshconcept;IntelligentBuildings（IBs）.Thisconceptbasicallyentailsacontinuousprocessofcorrespondinganyenvironmental, social,andeconomicsustainability featuresto buildingdesigns.Bydependingonthisdesign,buildinginhabitantsandoccupantswillhavemoreflexibilityandcomfortaswellasmaintainingthecosteffectivenessofthe buildingenergy features.Moreover,theuser’ssafetywillbetakenintoregardaswellasachievingbetterandadvancedenvironmental performancestandards [4].

Aprofoundsurveythatintegratesallthefactorsofpeople,product,andperformancesiscriticalbecause sustainabledevelopment combines them.ThefactorofPeoplewouldincludeowners,users,occupants,andinhabitants,whilethefactorofProductswouldincludeequipment,materials,andfacilities.Lastbutnotleast,thefactorofProcesseswouldcontainmaintenance, facilitiesmanagement,aswellasperformanceevaluationwithoutanydisconcerttotherelationshipsbetweenthem [4].

However,anexaminationintotheoriginsofIBsinliteraturerevealsthatthereisnotacommonlyacknowledgeddefinitionforit.Thisisaresultoftheoveralllackofagreementontheselectionfactorsaswellasthecriteriaspecificfortheassortmentandevaluationofproperbuildingcontrolsystems.Seemingly,aninclusivedefinitionthatcoversallparametersisvitalforthe decision-making procedurebecausewithoutanaccurateandcommonunderstanding,developingsmartbuildingsthatencompassthemostefficientblendofsocial,environmental,and economic principlesseemsfarfromreach [4].

1.1. Definitionofintelligentbuildings

ConferringtotheresearchconductedbyWiggintonandHarris,‘thereexistsmorethan30separatedefinitionsoftheterm‘intelligence’whenitisrelativetobuildings’ [12].AnotherresearchdoneonIntelligentBuilding Automation in Construction [13] statesthemostcommontheoreticalandpracticaldefinitionsoftheterm‘intelligentbuilding’suchas“Intelligentbuildingisanybuildingthatprovidesaresponsive,effectiveandsupportiveenvironmentwithinwhichtheorganizationcanachieveitsbusinessobjectives” [11].Still,theIBI,whichisalsoknownastheIntelligentBuildingInstitute（IBI）oftheUnitedStates,aswellastheUK-basedEuropeanIntelligentBuildingGroup（EIBG）,proposedthatthemostaccepteddefinitionsofthetermcanbesummarizedas:

“onewhichprovidesaproductiveandcost-effectiveenvironmentthroughoptimizationofitsfourbasicelementsincluding structures,systems,servicesandmanagementandthe interrelationships betweenthem” [12].Anothermentioneddefinitionwouldbe:

“onethatcreatesanenvironmentwhichtakefulladvantageoftheefficiencyofthebuilding’soccupants,whileatthesametimeenablingcompetentmanagementofresourceswiththeleastpossiblelife-timecostsofhardwareandfacilities” [12].Theformerdefinition,belongingtotheIBI,stressestheadvantagesthattheownersgetandshedslightontheircommonlypreferredindoorenvironment.Ontheotherhand,thelatterdefinitionstatedbytheEIBGfocussesspecificallyonthebenefitoftheusersandtheproductionofnecessaryandadequateindoorenvironmentforoccupants.Nonetheless,bothdefinitionsaredevotedtoputthebenefitofthemanagersinthespotlightaswellasbringingtheenvironmentaland economiceffect offashioningfavouredindoorenvironmenttocenterstage [7].

TheUTBSCorporation,whichisalsoknownastheUnitedTechnology BuildingSystems CorporationoftheUSA,initiallyusedtheterm‘intelligentbuilding’backin1981.Inthecoupleofyearstocome,theireffortspaidoffastheCityPlaceBuildinginHartfordConnecticut,USA,becameknowntotheworldasthefirstintelligentbuildingtobecompleted.Sincethen,severaldefinitionshavebeenproposedfordefiningIBsbyseveralreliablesources.Unfortunately,theinitialdefinitionsdidnotconsider userrequirements nortechnologicalaspectsinthedefinitionprocess.Thischangedasrecentdefinitionsbegantotakeintoaccountoccupant’sinteractionswiththe internal spaceastheirsurroundingenvironment.In1983,CardindefinedIBas“abuildingwhichisequippedwithfullyautomated buildingservice controlsystems”（ASHRAE,1989）.However,thisdefinitiondidnotstandandwasdevelopedin1988bytheIntelligentBuildingInstitutioninWashingtonas“onewhichintegratesvarioussystemstoeffectivelymanageresourcesinacoordinatedmodetomaximize:

 technicalperformance, investmentand operatingcost savings,flexibility”（ASHRAE,1