英汉语言对比研究 精品.docx

英汉语言对比研究 精品.docx

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英汉语言对比研究精品

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英汉礼貌用语对比分析

某某

英语专业英语--班　学号

指导教师　

摘要

礼貌用语是我们生活中一个极其普遍而又不可或缺的社会现象，一个人的生存离不开与其他社会成员的交流，这也就揭示了交流的重要性。

但是在沟通或交流中发生冲突，甚至交流失败也是难以避免的。

因此，在交流中使用恰当的礼貌用语就显得非常重要了。

礼貌用语是一种重要的交流策略和方法。

礼貌用语与人们的生活紧密的联系着，同时也约束着人们的习惯。

礼貌用语能够维持、增进人们之间的感情，它是一种常见的社会现象。

在不同的社会中，它的意义和标准也自然会存在着差异。

简而言之就是在这个社会团体中认为礼貌的事情或许在另一个社会团体中就会被认为是荒唐或粗鲁的行为。

这样看来，文化的差异也必然会给交流带来阻碍。

因此，研究中西方礼貌用语的差异具有重要的现实意义。

本文将分析中西方礼貌用语差异，并通过礼貌用语的差异来揭示其不同的文化背景。

从而提高人们跨文化交流的意识，减少跨文化交流中的尴尬。

关键词：

礼貌用语礼貌原则文化交际

AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseCourtesyLanguage

Abstract

CourtesyLanguageisauniversalsocietyphenomenoninourdailylife,anditisveryimportantforourlife.Wecannotlivewithoutcommunicationwitheachother,socommunicationisveryimportant.Ontheotherhand,wealsocan’tavoidthefailureofcommunication.ItgoeswithoutsayingthatthesuccessofcommunicationdependsonthepropercourtesyLanguage.ScholarspayanattentiontothesubjectofcourtesyLanguageforalongtime.

Thecourtesylanguageisrelatedtoourdailylifeclosely,italsoconstrainsourhabits.Courtesylanguagecankeepandimprovepeople’srelationship.butthecourtesylanguagehavethedifferentmeaningindifferentsociety,becausethecourtesylanguageisrelatedtothecultureclosely.Indifferentsocietythecourtesylanguagewasoffereddifferentmeaningandstandards.It’stosaythatathingthatwasbelievedpoliteinonesocietymaybecomearudethingintheothersociety.

Theculturaldifferencemaybecometheobstacleofthecross-culturalcommunication,soweshouldlearntheculturaldifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese.ThisarticleaimstofindoutsomedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecourtesylanguagetoreducethecommunicationalobstacle.

Keywords:

courtesylanguagepolitenessprincipleculturecommunication

Contents

Introduction1

Chapter1ResearchBackgroundandtheValueofThesis3

1.1SignificanceofThisResearch3

1.2DifferenttheoreticalResearches4

1.3OverviewoftheThesis7

1.4PurposeoftheThesis7

1.5MethodsoftheThesis8

Chapter2EnglishandChineseCourtesyLanguage9

2.1DefinitionsofpolitenessinEnglishandChinese9

2.2FeaturesofCourtesyLanguage9

2.3CourtesyandSocialDeterminants10

Chapter3ContrastiveStudyofChineseandEnglishCourtesyLanguage11

3.1TermsofAddress11

3.2Greetings13

3.3Compliments15

3.4ThanksandApologies18

Chapter4CulturalRootfortheDifferences20

4.1Modestyvs.Self-denigration20

4.2Privacyvs.AttitudinalWarmth21

4.3Individualismvs.Collectivism21

Conclusion23

Bibliography26

Acknowledgment27

Introduction

Duetodifferentculturalbackgroundsandpurposesofresearch,peoplestudylanguagefromdifferentangles.Therearealreadymanyresearchesaboutitbothathomeandabroad.Contrastivestudyisregardasaneffectivemethodoflinguisticstudy.ContrastiveAnalysis（CA）,asaninter-linguisticapproachtothestudyoflanguagesandabranchoflinguistics,arousedgreatattentioninthe1960s.

Asisknownthatallthepeopleneedtocommunicatewithothersandthecourtesylanguagecanhelppeoplegetthesuccessofcommunication.Courtesylanguageisauniversalphenomenon,courtesylanguageisoneoftheimportantstrategiesandwayspeopleadoptininteraction.ThisarticleaimstofindoutsomedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesepolitelanguagetoreducethecommunicationalobstacle.ThispaperintendstointroducetheEnglishandChinesepolitelanguage.ThispaperwillusedifferentcourtesylanguageexamplestoshowthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecourtesylanguage.Thispaperanalyzesthedifferencesfromfouraspects:

termsofaddress,greetings,compliments,thanksandapologizes.Thenthisthesisgoesontoexplorethereasonswhythesedifferencesexist.Thereareseveralreasonsforthedifferences:

thehistoricalbackgrounds,differentculturalvalues,forexample,modestyandself-denigration,privacyandattitudinalwarmth,individualismandcollectivism.ItishopedthatthispaperwillbringbetterunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternpolitenesstoreducemisunderstandingofinternationalunderstanding.CourtesyLanguageisauniversalsocietyphenomenoninourdailylife,butitisveryimportantinourlife.Wecannotlivewithoutcommunicationwitheachother,socommunicationisveryimportant.Ontheotherhand,wealsocan’avoidthefailureofcommunication.ItgoeswithoutsayingthatthesuccessofcommunicationdependsonthepropercourtesyLanguage.ScholarspayanattentiontothesubjectofcourtesyLanguageforalongtime.Itisgenerallybelievedthatpeoplewillobservethecertainprincipleswhentheycommunicatewitheachother.GriceputforwardtheCooperativePrincipleandleech’spolitenessPrinciplecomplementtheCooperativePrinciple.AndthentheBrownandLevinson’s“Face”theorygivesaquitenewexplanation.TheybelievedthatpolitenessmeansvariousrationalbehaviorsthattheModelPersonstaketomaintainthe“face”wants.AlltheModelPersonnotonlyneedthepositive“face”butthenegative“face”,andtheModelPersonsalsohavetherationality,sotheycanchoosetheproperwaystosatisfythe“face”wants.

Itisimportantforlanguagelearnersanduserstoexpresscourtesylanguageinthetargetlanguageinordertoimprovethecompetenceofcross-culturalcommunication.Theculturaldifferencemaybecometheobstacleofthecross-culturalcommunication,soweshouldlearntheculturaldifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese.ThisarticleaimstofindoutsomedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecourtesylanguagetoreducethecommunicationalobstacle.Althoughcourtesylanguageisnotnecessarilyexpressedbylanguage,courtesylanguageisveryimportantforourcommunication.ThisarticlewillmakeacontrastiveanalysisoncourtesylanguagebetweenEnglishandChinese.

Chapter1ResearchBackgroundandtheValueofThesis

1.1SignificanceofThisResearch

EnglishandChineseareverydifferentlanguagesystemsandtheyareveryimportant,weshouldgetadeeperunderstandingofthem.Throughthiswecanlearnmorecourtesylanguages;itwillbegoodtoourlifeandstudy.

Withthesocietydevelopingrapidly,internationalconnectionisbecomingmoreandmorecloser.Asisknownthatpolitelanguagesplayanimportantroleinourcross-culturalcommunication.Languageistheprincipalmeanswherebyweconductoursociallife.Whenitisusedincontextofcommunication,itisboundupwithcultureinmultipleandcomplexways.EnglishandChineseareboundupwithdifferentculture,sotherearesomemisunderstandingsbetweentheircommunications.

Studyonithasaveryimportantrealisticmeaningsincetheworld’sconnectionisbecomingmoreandmorecloser.

Inthemodernsociety,Englishissopopular,weshouldlearnmoreitsculturalbackground,andthepolitelanguagesareoneofthemostimportantpartsforourdailycommunication.What’smore,withthesocietydevelopingrapidly,therearemoreandmorecontactbetweenourcountryandforeigncountries.Butsometimesthedifferentculturewillcausethemisunderstandingofcommunication.Atbeginningwiththediscussionofmoderntheoriesofpolitespeechesbothathomeandabroad,thepaperdealsindetailswiththeachievementsanddifferencesineverytheoryconcerningcourtesylanguage.ThroughcontrastiveanalysisofcourtesylanguagebetweenEnglishandChinese,therearemanydifferentaspects,suchastermsofaddresses;greetings;compliments;thanksandapologies.Itshowsthatwecan’tjustuseourpolitestandardtocommunicatewiththeforeignpeople,sopeopleshouldtrytheirbesttolearncounterparts’culture.Andthenwecanimproveourcompetenceofcross-culturalcommunication.SothesignificanceofcontrastivestudyofcourtesylanguagebetweenEnglishandChineseispractical.

1.2DifferenttheoreticalResearches

1.2.1Leech’spolitenessprinciple

Leech’spolitenessprinciplecomplementsGrice’sCP.HethinksthatpeoplesometimesdisobeyGrice’sCooperativePrincipleinordertoexpressthemselvespolitelyininteraction.ThereforeheputsforwardthePolitenessPrincipleandbelievesthatitshouldbeobeyedincommunication.PeopleoftenfollowthePPinthedailyconversation.LeechalsoexplainedwhypeopleliketofollowtheCPandPPintheirconversation.TheLeechbelievedthatpeopleexpresstheirideasindirectlytosatisfyothers“face”wants.Leech’spolitenessprincipleincludessixcategoriesofmaximsasfollows:

1.TactMaxim

a.Minimizecosttoother

b.Maximizebenefittoother

2.GenerosityMaxim

a.Minimizebenefittoself

b.Maximizecosttoself.

3.ApprobationMaxim

a.Minimizedispraiseofother

b.Maximizepraiseofother

4.ModestyMaxim

a.Minimizepraiseofself

b.Maximizedispraiseofself

5.AgreementMaxim

a.Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother

b.Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother

6.SympathyMaxim

a.Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandother

b.Maximizesympathybetweenselfandother

Peopleoftenfollowthesixprinciplesinourdailycommunication,andfromthesewecanlearnthatpeopleoftensatisfyothersbenefittodealwiththerelationship.

1.2.2BrownandLevinson’sTheory

BrownandLevinsongaveusanothernewexplanationofpolitenessbyusingasetoffreshtheory:

--Face:

whichtheyseemedborrowitsmeaningfromChineseterm“Mianzi”,refersto“publicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself,andsomethingthatisemotionallyinvested,andtha