矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的应用.docx

矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的应用.docx

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矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的应用

.

题目：

矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的应用

姓名：

汪建亚

学号：

201003010261

系别：

外国语学院

专业：

英语

年级班级：

2010级本科4班

指导教师：

康凯

2014年5月

TheApplicationofOxymoroninLiteraryWorks

SubmittedbyWangJianya

StudentIDnumber201003010261

SupervisedbyKangKai

ApapersubmittedinfulfillmentoftherequirementsofthedegreeofBachelorofArts

TheCollegeofForeignLanguages

ZhoukouNormalUniversity

May,2014

毕业论文（设计）作者声明

本人郑重声明：

所呈交的毕业论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

本人完全了解有关保障、使用毕业论文的规定，同意学校保留并向有关毕业论文管理机构送交论文的复印件和电子版。

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本毕业论文内容不涉及国家机密。

论文题目：

矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的应用

作者单位：

外国语学院英语专业2010级本科4班

作者签名：

2014年5月

Contents

摘要i

Abstractii

I.Introduction1

II.TheDefinitionsandCharacteristicsofOxymoron2

2.1DefinitionoftheEnglishOxymoron2

2.2TheCharacteristicsofOxymoron2

III.TheFormationofOxymoron3

3.1TheExternalStructure3

3.2TheInternalStructure4

Ⅳ.TheApplicationofOxymoroninLiteraryWorks5

4.1TheApplicationofOxymoroninShakespeare’sPlays6

4.1.1IntroductiontoShakespeare6

4.1.2TheApplicationofOxymoroninShakespeare’sPlays6

4.2TheApplicationofOxymoroninXuZhimo’sPoem11

4.2.1IntroductiontoXuZhimo11

4.2.2TheApplicationofOxymoronin“Sayonara-toaJapaneseGirl”12

4.3TheApplicationofOxymoroninJohnMilton’sPoem13

4.3.1IntroductiontoJohnMilton13

4.3.2TheApplicationofOxymoronin“ParadiseLost”13

V.Conclusion14

Bibliography16

Acknowledgements17

摘要

在传统的研究视野中，矛盾修辞法只是所有的修辞法中一个极为普遍的修辞格，并未成为主要的研究目标。

然而，在当代的研究环境下，学者给予了辞格研究新的生命。

传统的辞格研究方法，已经非常陈旧，而且研究方法和视野都存在很大的缺陷，因此，更新研究方法，寻找新视野是历史和学科发展的必然。

在修辞格中，我们发现有一种辞格有很大的差别，却没有引起研究者的注意，这个辞格是“矛盾修辞法”。

这种辞格与其它辞格不同，而且出现的频率也低，但是它是一种非常典型的辞格。

因此，作者试图探索矛盾修辞法涉及其在文学作品中的应用。

首先，我们将全面回顾“矛盾修辞法”的各种定义，以及它的结构，这是研究它的必要前提，然后，我们从文学的角度对矛盾修辞法进行了简要的综述，同时也为他人的研究提供了历史学科基础。

本文从矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的运用的角度去研究，从中也可以看出矛盾在语言和人类思维中的作用可能远远超出我们目前所认识的那样。

因此，对于矛盾修辞法就有更多的研究和探索的可能。

关键词:

矛盾修辞法;修辞格;文学作品;应用

Abstract

Inallrhetoricaldevices,“oxymoron”isjustaverycommonfigureofspeechintraditionalviews,andithasneverenteredthemainstreamofacademicstudies.However,peoplefacilitatethestudyoffigurativelanguageandgivespaciousroomforthestudy.Asisknowntoall,thetraditionalapproachestostudyfiguresofspeecharequiteoutdatedandtheremanyshortcomingsinthem.Soitisnecessarytoseeknewperspectivestoupdatethestudy.Fromthestudyoffiguresofspeech,thereisaveryspecialfigurewhichisdifferentfromthosefigureswhichhavebeendevotedlystudied.Thespecialfigureis“oxymoron”.Eventhroughitdoesnotappearfrequentlyinlanguagesasotherrhetoricaldevices,oxymoronstandsforanotherspecialsortoffigurativelanguage.Thus,theauthortriestoexploreoxymoronanditsapplicationinsomeliteraryworks.Firstofall,thispaperwillpresentitsdefinitionsandstructures,whicharealsothenecessarypremiseofthestudy.Andthen,thispaperwillgivethehistoricalandcontemporarystudystatingfromtheaspectsofliterature.Soitgivesthehistoricalandsubjectivebasisforthelatergenerations.Thispaperwillstudytheapplicationofoxymoroninliteraryworksfromtheliteralperspectives,andwecanfindthattheuniversalsignificationinlanguageandhumancognitionmaybebeyondourcurrentlevel.Therefore,greateffortsneedtobemadeforthestudyofoxymoron.

Keywords:

oxymoron;rhetoric;literary;application

TheApplicationofOxymoroninLiteraryWorks

.Introduction

Generallyspeaking,oxymoronisaspecialfigureofspeech,andfrequentlyusedinEnglish.OxymoronderivesfromGreek“oxusmoros”.Oxusmeanssharp,andmorosmeansfoolish,stupid,anddull.However,themeaningofoxymoronispointedfoolishorsharpfoolish.Therefore,itshistoryinlanguageshouldbeverylong,anditisatraditionalfigureofspeech.“Oxymoron”firstlyappearedinEnglishin1640,butonlyacademicscholarsandstudentsofrhetoricknewit.Untilthe1960sand1970s,thiswordappearedfrequentlyincolleges.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentoflanguagestandardization,scholarspayattentiontorhetoricofspeeches,suchassimile,metaphor,personification,andsoon.Whetherinthepracticeoflanguageorthetheoryoflanguage,it’snecessarythatpeoplehaveafurtheranalysisandstudyaboutthiscommonandspecialrhetoricofspeech.Intheforeignhistory,withtheclimaxoftheEnglishRenaissance,rhetoricinEnglandwasprocessedwiththesamefervorasinotherhumanistcultures,fortheincreasingroleitplayedineducation.Therefore,oxymoronwasaverypopularrhetoricdeviceatthattime.Asweallknow,oxymoronachievesspecialrhetoricaleffectsandplaysspecialrolesinliteratureandphysicalworld.Ithasbeenwidelyappliedinliteraryworksanddailycommunication,especiallytocreateunusualeffectortorealizetheaimofstrongexaggeration,humor,etc.Firstly,itcanexposeeverykindofcontradictoryphenomenoninthesubjectiveandobjectiveworld.Secondly,itcanexpressthepersonofphilosophicalthought.Finally,itcanopenandenlightenthereadersfromall-roundandmultileveleffect.Inmanyliteraryworks,theauthorsuseoxymorontoexpresscontradictoryfeelings,whichgivepeopleadeepimpression.Therefore,thispaperwillexploretheapplicationofoxymoroninsomeliteraryworks.

II.TheDefinitionandCharacteristicsofOxymoron

2.1DefinitionoftheEnglishOxymoron

“Oxymoron”firstlyappearedinEnglishin1640,butonlyacademicscholarsandstudentsofrhetoricknewit.Untilthe1960sand1970s,thiswordappearedfrequentlyincolleges.However,oxymoronisoneofthefiguresofspeechfirstlystudiedbyAristotle.AndJohnEvansquotedfromAristotle’sRhetoricandsaidthat“rhetoricrelatestocommonsenseandverdictsofthemasses,butwhatoxymoronexpressesisneithercommonnorverdictsofthemasses.Itistherhetoricalfigure,whichdespisesthetraditionalrhetoricalbasis.”（84）.

InLongmanModernEnglishDictionary,itisdefinedasafigureofspeechinwhichapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceanepigrammaticeffect.AndinOxfordEnglishDictionary,itsdefinitionisthatarhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruoustermsareconjoinedsoastogivepointtothestatementorexpression;anexpressioninitssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.Alotofauthorsalsogiveadefinitiontooxymoron.

2.2TheCharacteristicsofOxymoron

Asweallknow,oxymoronachievesspecialrhetoricaleffectsandplaysspecialrolesinliteratureandphysicalworld.Ithasthefollowingcharacteristics.

Firstly,oxymoronhastheanalysisofthemeaning.Itcanprovevariousaspectsoftheworldobservedfromdifferentangles,depicttheconflictbetweentheappearanceandtheessence,anddemonstratethetwooppositefeaturesexistinoneentity.

Secondly,duetooxymoronisaneffectiverhetoricmethodemployedtoshowintensive,succinctwords,oxymoronhasthesuccinctnessandemphasesofthelanguage.Forinstance:

Thedismalsituationwasteandwild,

Adungeonhorrible,onallsidesround

Asonegreatfurnaceflamed,yetfromthoseflames

Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible

（ParadiseLost,Excerpt,Line63-64）

JohnMiltonused“thoseflamesnolight”inParadiseLost.Inthispoem,oxymoronexpressesthesubtlefeelingsofpeopleandisregardedascontradictoryinformbutlogicalandilluminatingincontent.Asfor“thoseflamesnolight”,althoughitindicatesaverycomplexfeelings,oxymoronmakesithasterseandlivelystyle.

Thirdly,oxymoronhasthecreativityofthestructure.Generally,peopleusesomewordswhichareunifiedandharmonioustodescribesomethingandsomebody,insteadofusingtheoppositeandcontradictorywords.Therefore,it’screativethatoxymoronusescontradictorywordstoexpresscomplexfeelings.Someexamplesarelist,suchas,‘painfulpleasure’,‘ugly-beautiful’,andsoon.

Lastbutnotleast,oxymoronicexpressionshavethecharacteristicofwisdom.Peopleareoftenemployedtobringtolightimplicitlyandvividlythetruthsinmanyproverbsintheobjectiveandcomplicatedworld.Suchas,“atimelesstime”,timeisfixedandwhatchangesisonlyhowpeoplefeelaboutit.Butoxymorongivesthesubjectiveimpressionandcreativestructureforpeopleundercertaincircumstances.

Abovealloxymoronisasymbolofacertainphilosophicalthought-anythingcontainingtwosides,negativeandpositive,butthetwooppositeforcescanstayharmoniously.

III.TheFormationofOxymoron

Accordingtothedefinitionofoxymoron,itisarhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruoustermsareconjoined.Oxymoronpossessesarelativelyfixedandconcreteconcept,soitalsopossessesarelativelyfixedstructureinform.Becausethiskindofrhetoricaldeviceconsistsofjusttwoorfewterms,thedifferentformsofitsstructurearedecidedbythedifferentconfigurationsoftheseterms.Fromtheaspectofstructure,oxymoronhastwokindsofformation,whichrespectivelyaretheexternalstructureandtheinternalstructure.

3.1TheExternalStructure

Inforeignstudy,onefamousBritishrhetoricianWalterNashlistsfourkindsofcommoncollocationsofoxymoronwhichrespectivelyare‘adverb+adjective,adjective+noun,adjective+adjective,noun+noun’s.AndinChain,FengCuihuaandHuangRenalsoclassifyoxymoronfromtheexternalinthesameway,theexternalstructuresstillincrease.

（Ⅰ）adverb+adjective:

idlybusy,falselytrue,disagreeablypleasantandchangelesslychanging.Fromthisphrase,wecanlearnthatadverbsareutilizedtomodifytheoppositeadjectives,so