胡壮麟语言学教程修订版习题及答案.docx

胡壮麟语言学教程修订版习题及答案.docx

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胡壮麟语言学教程修订版习题及答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题

Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics

I.Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

A.contactB.communicationC・relationD.community

2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

A.treeB.typewriterC・crashD・bang

3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade/is

A.jnterrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative

4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay''碎碎（岁岁〉平安"asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives・Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?

A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC・PerformativeD・Recreational

5.WhichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenablesIanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureofIanguage,speakersofaIanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

A.TransferabilityB・DualityC・DisplacementD.Arbitrariness

6.Studythefollowingdialogue・WhatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsofIanguage?

—Aniceday,isn'tit?

—Right!

Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.EmotiveB・PhaticC・PerformativeD.Interpersonal

7.referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeof

therulesofhisIanguageinutterances・

A.PerformaneeB・CompeteneeC・LangueD・Parole

8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethat

existshearandnow.Itcouldrftbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof・

A.culturaltransmissionB・productivityC.displacementD.duality

9.answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstIanguage.

A.PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics

10.dealswithIanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

A.LinguistictheoryB.Practicallinguistics

C.AppliedlinguisticsD・Comparativelinguistics

11.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse・（10%）

11.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotIanguage・

12.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

13.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.

14.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages・

15.WewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquireIanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.

16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate・

17.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenbngueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.

18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare'stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage・

19.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.

20.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms・

III.Fillintheblanks.（10%）

21・Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunication.

22.Inanybnguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbe

combinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules・Thisfeatureisusuallytermed

23.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.This

functionis.

24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavy

workhasbeencalledthetheory.

25.LinguisticsisthestudyofIanguage・

26.Modernlinguisticsisinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscover

whatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve・

27.Onegeneralp「incipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofover

writing.

28.Thedescriptionofabnguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy.

29.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts・referstotheabstract

linguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

30.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure'sIangueandChomsky's.

IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples・（20%）

31・Designfeature

32.Displacement

33.Competence

34.Synchroniclinguistics

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.（20%）

35.WhydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanIanguage?

Canyoutelluswhatbnguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?

（南开大学，2004）

36.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?

（北京第二外国语大学，2004）

VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.（20%）

37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?

（青岛海洋大学，1999）

Key:

[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon'tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis・Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreferenee.Ino「de「toanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples・Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.一icywarmtea]

31・Designfeature:

ItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanbnguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanIanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.Displacement:

Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

33.Competence:

Itisanessentialpartofperformanee.Itisthespeaker'sknowledgeofhisorherbnguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaofIanguage・Moreover;theknowledgeinvolvedincompeteneeisgenerallyunconscious・Asformational-geneetivegrammarisamodelofcompetenee.

34.Synchroniclinguistics:

ItreferstothestudyofaIanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadIanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofaIanguageoveraperiodoftime・

V.

35.

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive・Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements一forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage・Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichintumcancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts・MostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanIanguage・

IfIanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations#e.g・words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36.

ItisdifficulttodefineIanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations・

VI.

37.

Itshouldbeguidedbythefourp「inciplesofscience:

exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:

formhypothesis一collectdata一checkagainsttheobservablefacts一cometoaconclusion.

Chapter2SpeechSounds

I.Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedon

sentences・

A.intonationB.toneC・pronunciationD・voice

2.Conventionallyaisputinslashes（//）.

A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD・morpheme

3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspi「atedpandanun「eleasedpareofthep

phoneme・

A.analoguesB・tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones

4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas

A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula

5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenter

areknownasdiphthongs.

A.wideB.closingC・narrowD.centering

6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled・

A.minimalpairsB・allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones

7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproduct!

onofspeechsounds?

A.AcousticphoneticsB.Articulatoryphonetics

C.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove

8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]

9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

A.[i:

]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]

10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

A.VoicelessB.VoicedC・GlottalstopD・Consonant

II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse・（10%）

11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment・phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence・

12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound・

13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentp「onunciation.

14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.

15.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.

17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace・

18.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthep「onunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.

19.ReceivedP「onunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople・

20.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.

III.Fillintheblanks.（20%）

21・Consonantsoundscanbeeitheror,whileallvowel

soundsare.

22.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemouthare

broughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing.

23.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionoftheandthelip