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canadasanitation

-SANITATION2003-CANADA:

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SANITATIONCOUNTRYPROFILE*

CANADA

Countriesusuallyreportontheissueofsanitationfromabroaderperspectivethanjustbasic

sanitation（i.e.excretadisposalsystemssuchassewage,latrinesetc.）,toincludedisposalofother

typesofwastessuchassolid,hazardousandradioactivewastes,thepreparationoftheCountry

Profileonsanitationhasadoptedthisapproach.Consequently,sanitationisviewedasanintegral

conceptthatinvolvestheadequatemanagementanddisposalofdifferenttypesofwasteswitha

viewtominimizingharmfuleffectstohumanhealthandtheenvironment.Differenttypesof

wastesinclude:

a）water-bornewastessuchasresidualwatersanddischargefrompointandnon-

pointsourcesofpollution（e.g.disposalofurbansewage,run-offfromindustrialandagricultural

processesintowatercoursesand/oroceans）;b）solidwastessuchasgarbageandscrapfrom

domestic,industrialoragriculturalsources;c）hazardouswastes,includingchemicaland

biologicalwastes;andd）radioactivewastesresultingfromnuclearplants,hospitals,laboratories

orindustrialprocesses.TheSanitationCountryProfilecoversthesedifferenttypesofwastes;

however,radioactivewastesarebeyondthescopeofthecurrentpaperPleaserefertothe

followingwebsiteforinfo:

http:

//www.aecl.ca/index.asp

SANITATIONCOUNTRYPROFILE

CANADA

1.Decision-MakingforSustainableDevelopment

2.ProgrammesandProjects

-BasicSanitation

-SolidWastes

-HazardousWastes

3.CapacityBuilding,Education,TrainingandAwareness-RaisingandInformation

-BasicSanitation

-SolidWastes

-Wastes

4.ScienceforSD:

Researchandtechnologies

-BasicSanitation

-SolidWastes

-Wastes

5.Financing

-BasicSanitation

-SolidWastes

*ThisdocumentisbasedoninformationsubmittedandreviewedbytheGovernmentofCanada.

-HazardousWastes

6.InternationalCooperation

-BasicSanitation

-SolidWastes

-Wastes

Annex1

CountryDescription

PopulationandDemographics

Economy

Poverty

HumanSettlements

AnnexII

RelevantWebsitesonWaterandSanitation

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1.Decision-MakingforSustainableDevelopment:

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InCanada,sustainabledevelopmentisthejurisdictionalresponsibilityofalllevelsof

government.Inordertoensurethatworktowardsustainabledevelopmentatallgovernment

levelsismutuallysupportiveandhasacommongoal,variousmechanismshavebeen

implemented.OnesuchmechanismistheCanadianCouncilofMinistersoftheEnvironment

（CCME）.Itplaysaroleinencouragingbetterinformationcollectionandbringstogether

environmentministersfromthefederal,provincial,andterritorialgovernmentsfordiscussion

andjointactiononenvironmentalissuesofnationalandinternationalconcern.Atthelocallevel,

theFederationofCanadianMunicipalities（FCM）promotessustainablecommunitydevelopment

thatsupportinformationsharingandnetworkingamongmunicipalities.Publicconsultationisa

keyelementofthesustainabledevelopmentstrategiesrequiredofallfederaldepartments.The

federalministerofFinancereceivesadviceintheformofpre-budgetsubmissionsfrom

environmentalgroups,business,andotherinterestedpartiesonvariouswaystointegrate

environmentalconsiderationsintothebudgetprocess.TheNationalRoundTableonthe

EnvironmentandtheEconomytakesanimpartial,inclusiveapproach,withopenandfreedebate,

toissuesrelatedtotheenvironmentandtheeconomy.TheYouthRoundTableonthe

EnvironmentgivesCanadianyouth,fromarangeofbackgrounds,perspectives,andvalues.

MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements:

WithinCanadathedistributionofresponsibilitybetweenfederal,provincialand

territorialgovernmentsforsustainabledevelopmentissuesiscomplex.Whilethefederal

governmentconductsinternationaltreatynegotiationsonbehalfofCanada,implementationof

internationalagreementsfallstothelevelofgovernmentthathasconstitutionaljurisdictionover

thesubjectmatter.Thisnecessitatesthecreationofconsultativestructuresacrossalllevelsof

governmentduringbothnegotiationsandtheimplementationphase.Withinthefederal

government,eachministerisresponsibleforsustainabledevelopmentwithinhisorher

department,andforsubmittingupdatesoftheirsustainabledevelopmentstrategieseverythree

yearsinaccordancewiththeAuditorGeneralAct.Apartfromcarryingoutconsultationsacross

alllevelsofgovernment,thefederalgovernmentconsultswidelyamongcivilsociety

stakeholders（suchasAboriginalcommunities,youth,industry,non-governmentalorganizations）

aboutthenegotiation,ratificationandimplementationofinternationallegalinstrumentsrelating

tosustainabledevelopmentandtheenvironment.Further,Canadiandelegationstointernational

negotiationsroutinelyincludeaboriginal,industryandNGOrepresentatives,aswellas

provincialandterritorialrepresentatives.Whereappropriate,youthdelegatesarealsoincluded.

WaterResources:

Thereisnosinglemechanismforcoordinatingfederalandprovincialgovernmentwater

resourcemanagementprogramsandpoliciesinCanada.Mechanismsexistbutaresector-specific

（e.g.,fisheries,oceansagriculture,environment,andhealth）.UndertheCanadianCouncilof

MinistersoftheEnvironmentthereiscomprehensiveactiontoprotectthequalityofdrinking

waterfromthesourcetothetap,usingamulti-barrierapproach.Alljurisdictionsemphasizethe

importanceofstrongdrinkingwaterstandardsbasedontheGuidelinesforCanadianDrinking

WaterQuality.Co-ordinationatamorelocallevelismanagedwiththeparticipationof

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provincialandmunicipalgovernments.Municipalitiesimplementrespectiveprovincialwater

strategies.TopreventorresolvewatermanagementissuesacrosstheCanada-UnitedStates

boundary,federalandprovincialofficialsparticipateinnumerousinternationalinvestigativeand

controlboardsfordifferentdrainagesystems,mostlyreportingtotheInternationalJoint

CommissionundertheBoundaryWatersTreaty.

Canadahasapproximatelysevenpercentoftheworld'srenewablewaterresources.

However,whileabout60percentofCanada'sfreshwaterdrainsnorthtotheArcticOceansand

theHudsonBay,85percentoftheCanadianpopulationlivesinthesouth,wherepollutionand

escalatingdemandareincreasingpressureonwaterresources.Canadaalsohasthelongest

marinecoastlineofanycountry,thesecondlargestcontinentalshelfintheworldandatotal

offshoremarineareaequalto40%oftheCanadianlandmass,withcomplexecosystemsthat

connectinlandfreshwatersystemstonearshoremarinewaters.However,thesourcesofwater

anditsdistributionandavailabilityvaryconsiderablyacrossthecountry.Canada’sAtlanticand

Pacificcoastalareasreceiveanaverageofbetween1100and1400millimetresofprecipitation

peryear.ThesouthernportionsofwesternCanada’sprairieprovincesreceivelessthan500

millimetresperyear.Thoseregionsexperienceperiodicdroughts,whilemassivefloodsinother

partsofCanadahaveaffectedtensofthousandsofpeople.

Thefederalgovernmenthasdirectconstitutionaljurisdictionfortheconservationand

protectionofoceans,fisheriesandnavigation,Aboriginalandotherfederallands,and

internationalrelations,includingthoserelatedtowaterssharedwiththeUnitedStates.Inorderto

preventpollutionofwatersupplies,thefederalgovernmentdevelopsregulationsunderthe

CanadianEnvironmentalProtectionActtocontrolthereleaseoftoxicsubstances,andunderthe

FisheriesActtocontrolthereleaseofdeleterioussubstancesintowater.Canadianprovincesand

territorieshavetheprimaryjurisdictionovermostareasofwatermanagementandprotection.

Thisincludessomeauthorityovershorelinestothelowwatermarkandsomemarineareas.

Theymaydelegatesomewaterresourcemanagementfunctionstolocalauthoritiesthatmaybe

responsibleforaparticularareaorriverbasin.MostmajorusesofwaterinCanadaarepermitted

andorlicensedunderprovincialwatermanagementauthorities.

Inpractice,allordersofgovernment,communities,theprivatesectorandindividual

Canadianshaveresponsibilitiesandmakedecisionseverydaythatinfluencethehealthand

sustainabilityoffreshwaterandcoastalmarineresources.Thereisasteadyandincreasing

collaborationonwaterissues.

EachofCanada’sprovincialgovernmentshasenactedlegislationthatgovernstheuseof

waterwithintheirboundaries.Inordertopreventpollutionoffreshwatersupplies,thefederal

governmentdevelopsregulationsundertheCanadianEnvironmentalProtectionActtocontrol

thereleaseoftoxicsubstances,andundertheFisheriesActtocontrolthereleaseofdeleterious

substancesintowater.

LocalAuthorities:

Canadaviewstheroleoflocalauthoritiesascriticalinachievingsustainable

development,bothnationallyandinternationally.Canadianmunicipalitieshavetakena

leadershiproleindevelopingahighqualityofcommunitylifethatincludesrespectfortheneeds

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ofbotheconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection.ManymunicipalitiesinCanada

haveadoptedenvironmentalinitiatives.Localauthoritiesgenerallyincludeenvironmentaland

socialconsiderationsintheirofficialplans,planningby-laws,andgeneralpolicies.Mostofthese

localauthoritiesinvolverepresentationofwomenand/oryouth.Itisnotpossibletoaccurately

estimatethepercentageofthepopulationinvo