绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译

外文文献：

EvaluatingWaterConservationMeasuresForGreenBuildingInTaiwan

GreenBuildingevaluationisanewsysteminwhichwaterconservationisprioritizedasoneofitssevencategoriesforsavingwaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesigninTaiwan.ThispaperintroducestheGreenBuildingprogramandproposesawaterconservationindexwithquantitativemethodologyandcasestudy.Thisevaluationindexinvolvesstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtaintheexpectedresult.Themeasureofevaluationindexisalsobasedontheessentialresearch

inTaiwanandisapracticalandapplicableapproach.

Keywords:

GreenBuilding;Evaluationsystem;Waterconservation;Buildingequipment

1.Introduction

Theenvironmentwasanissueofdeepglobalconcernthroughoutthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.Freshwatershortagesandpollutionarebecomingoneofthemostcriticalglobalproblems.Manyorganizationsandconferencesconcerningwaterresourcepolicyandissueshavereachedtheconsensusthatwatershortagesmaycausewarinthe21stcentury[1],ifnotabettersolution.Actually,Taiwanisalreadyexperiencingsignificantdiscordoverwatersupply.Buildingnewdamsisnolongeranacceptablesolutiontothecurrentwatershortageproblems,becauseoftheconsequentenvironmentalproblems.Previousstudieshaveconcluded

thatwatersavingsarenecessarynotonlyforwaterconservationbutalsoforreducingenergyconsumption[2,3].

TaiwanislocatedintheAsianmonsoonareaandhasanabundantsupplyofrainwater.Annualprecipitationaveragesaround2500mm.However,watershortageshaverecentlybeenacriticalproblemduringthedryseason.Thecrucial,centralissueistheunevendistributionoftorrentialrain,steephillsides,andshortrivers.Furthermore,theheavydemandfordomesticwateruseinmunicipalareas,andthedifficultiesinbuildingnewreservoirsarealsocriticalfactors.Governmentdepartmentsareendeavoringtospreadpubliclytheconceptofwater-conservation.Whileindustryandcommercehavemadeexcellentprogressinwaterconservation,progressamongthepublichasbeenextremelyslow.

Duetothisglobaltrend,theArchitectureandBuildingResearchInstitute（ABRI）,MinistryofInteriorinTaiwan,proposedthe“GreenBuilding”conceptandbuilttheevaluationsystem.Inordertosavewaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesign,thissystemprioritizeswaterconservationasoneofitssevencategories.ThispaperfocusesonthewaterconservationmeasuresforGreenBuildinginTaiwanandaquantitativeprocedureforprovingwater-savingefficiency.Thepurposeofthisworkisnotonlyaimedatsavingwaterresources,butalsoatreducingtheenvironmental

impactontheearth.

2.Waterconservationindex

Thewaterconservationindexistheratiooftheactualquantityofwaterconsumedinabuildingtotheaveragewater-consumptioningeneral.Theindexisalsocalled,“thewatersavingrate”.Evaluationsofthewater-consumptionquantityincludetheevaluationtothewater-savingefficiencywithinkitchens,bathroomsandallwatertaps,aswellastherecyclingofrainandthesecondhandintermediatewater.

2.1.Goalofusingthewaterconservationindex

AlthoughTaiwanhasplentyofrain,duetoitslargepopulation,theaveragerainfallfordistributiontoeachindividualispoorcomparedtotheworldaverageasshowninFig.1.Thus,Taiwanisreverselyacountryshortofwater.Yet,therecentimprovementsincitizens’standardsoflivinghaveledtoabigincreaseintheamountofwaterneededincities,asshowninFig.2,which,accompaniedbythedifficultyofobtainingnewwaterresources,makesthewatershortageproblemevenworse.Duetotheimproperwaterfacilitiesdesignsinthepast,thelowwaterfee,andtheusualpracticalbehaviorofpeoplewhenusingwater,Taiwanesepeoplehavetendedtousealargequantityoftapwater.In1990,theaveragewater-consumptionquantityinTaiwanwas350lperpersonperday,whereasinGermanyitisabout145lperpersonperday,andinSingaporeabout150lperpersonperday.ThesestatisticsrevealtheneedforTaiwanesepeopletosavewater.

Thepromotionofbetter-designedfacilitieswhichfacilitatewater-savingwillbecomeanewtrendamongthepublicanddesigners,becauseofconcernsforenvironmentalprotection.Thewaterconservationindexwasalsodesignedtoencourageutilizationoftherain,recyclingofwaterusedineverydaylifeanduseofwater-savingequipmenttoreducetheexpenditureofwaterandthussavewaterresources.

2.2.Methodologyforefficientuseofwaterresources

Someconstructionconsiderationsandbuildingsystemdesignsforeffectiveuseofwaterresourcesaredescribedbelow.

2.2.1.Usewater-conservationequipment

Aresearchofhouseholdtap-waterconsumptionrevealedthattheproportionofthewaterusedinflushingtoiletsandinbathing,amountstoapproximately50%ofthetotalhouseholdwaterconsumption,asgiveninTable1.Manyconstructiondesignershavetendedtouseluxuriouswaterfacilitiesinhousing,andmuchwaterhasthusbeenwasted.Theuseofwater-savingequipmenttoreplacesuchfacilitiesiscertaintosavealargeamountofwater.Forexample,theamountsofwaterusedintakingashowerandhavingabathisquitedifferent.Asingleshowerusesaround70lofwater,whereasabathusesaround150l.Furthermore,currentconstructiondesignsforhousinginTaiwantendtoputtwosetsofbathtubsandtoilets,andquiteafewfamilieshavetheirownmassagebathtubs.Suchasituationcanbeimprovedonlybyremovingthetubsandreplacingthemwithshowernozzles,sothatmorewatercanbepossiblysaved.Thecommonlyusedwater-savingdevicesinTaiwannowincludenew-stylewatertaps,water-savingtoilets,two-sectionedwaterclosets,water-savingshowernozzles,andauto-sensorflushingdevicesystems,etc.Water-savingdevicescanbeusednotonlyforhousing,butalsoinotherkindsofbuildings.Publicbuildings,inparticular,shouldtaketheleadinusingwater-savingdevices.

2.2.2.Setuparain-storagewatersupplydevice

Therain-storagewatersupplydevicestoresrainusingnaturallandformsorman-madedevices,andthenusessimplewater-cleaningprocedurestomakeitavailableforuseinhouses.Raincanbeusednotonlyasasubstitutewatersupply,butalsoforrecontrol.Itsusealsohelpstodecreasethepeak-timewaterloadincities.TheannualaveragerainfallinTaiwanisabout2500mm,almosttriplebetterthantheglobalaverage.However,duetogeographiclimitations,wecouldnotbuildenoughwaterstoragedevices,suchasdams,tosavealltherain.Itisquiteapitythatannuallyabout80%oftheraininTaiwaniswastedandflowsdirectlyintothesea,withoutbeingsavedandstored.Therain-storagewatersupplysystemisusedwithawater-gatheringsystem,water-disposalsystem,water-storagesystemandwater-supplysystem.First,thewater-gatheringsystemgatherstherain.Then,thewaterflowstothewater-disposalsystemthroughpipes,beforebeingsenttothewater-storagesystem.Finally,itissenttotheusers’equipmentthroughanothersetofpipes.Usingthedrainontheroofofabuilding,leadingtotheundergroundwater-storagetrough,isconsideredaneffectivemeansofgatheringrain.Thewater,aftersimplewater-disposalprocesses,canbeusedforchoressuchashousecleaning,washingfloors,air-conditioningorwateringplants.

2.2.3.Establishingtheintermediatewatersystem

Intermediatewateristhatgatheredfromtherainincities,andincludestherecycledwaste-waterwhichhasalreadybeendisposedofandcanbeusedrepeatedlyonlywithinacertainrange,butnotfordrinkingorhumancontact.Flushingthetoiletconsumes35%ofallwater.Ifeveryoneweretouseintermediatewatertoflushtoilets,muchwatercouldbeefficientlysaved.Large-scaleintermediatewatersystemdevicesaresuggestedtobebuiltupregularlywithinabigarea.Eachintermediatewatersystemdevicecangather,disposeandrecycleacertainquantityofwaste-waterfromnearbygovernmentbuildings,schools,residences,hotels,andotherbuildings.Theobtainedwatercanbeusedforflushingtoilets,washingcars,wateringplantsandcleaningthestreet,orforgardenuseandtosupplementthewaterofriversorlakes.Asmall-scaleintermediatewatersystemgatherswaste-waterfromeverydayuse,andthen,throughappropriatewater-disposalprocedures,improvesthewaterqualitytoacertainlevel,sothatfinallyitcanberepeatedlyusedfornon-drinkingwater.Thereareextensivewaystousetheintermediatewater.Itcanbeusedforsanitarypurposes,publicfountains,wateringdevicesingardensandwashingstreets.Inordertorecyclehighlypollutedwaste-water,ahighercostisneededforsettinguptheassociatedwater-disposaldevices,whicharemoreexpensiveandhavelesseconomicbenefitsthantherain-utilizationsystem.Exceptfortheintermediatewater-systemsetwithinasinglebuilding,ifwebuildthemwithinlarge-scalecommunitiesormajorconstructiondevelopmentprograms,thenitissuretosavemorewaterresourcesefficientlyandpositivelyforthewholecountryaswellasimprovetheenvironmentalsituation.

4.Methodforassessingtherecyclingofrain

Systemsforrecyclingrainandintermediatewaterarenotyeteconomicbeneficial,becauseofthelowwaterfeeandthehighcostofwater-disposalequipment.However,systemsforrecyclingrainareconsideredmoreeasilyadoptablethanthoseforrecyclingintermediatewater.Herein,amethodforassessingtherecyclingofrainisintroducedtocalculatetheratio（C）ofthewater-consumptionquantityoftherecycledrainwatertothetot