从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译.docx

从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译.docx

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从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译

从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译

　　[Abstract]DomesticationandforeignizationarethetermsbroughtupbyanAmericanscholar　todescribethetwodifferenttranslationstrategies.Theformerreferstotranslationinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders,whilethelatterdesignatesthetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessofthesourcetext.Translation,generallyspeaking,isnotonlyatransitionbetweendifferentlanguages,butalsotransferringinformationofcultureinthesourcelanguagetothatinthetargetlanguage.Andthenatureoftranslationisculturalcommunication.Since1980s,manyscholarsputforwardtheirownopinionsupondomesticationandforeignizationunderthelightofculturaltranslation.Intheiropinion,thefundamentaltaskoftranslationistotransfertheoriginalcontentsandculturescompletelyintothetargetlanguage.Duringtranslation,translatorsshouldconsidernotonlydifferencesbetweenlanguagesbutalsothosebetweencultures.Therefore,translatorsshouldputmoreemphasisonforeignization.TakeChineseidiomsforexample.Sincetheexchangesamongdifferentcountriesandregionsbecomemoreandmorefrequent,translatorsshouldputmoreemphasisonforeignizationintranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish.Duringtranslation,translatorsshouldfacsimileasmuchaspossibletheculturalfeaturesandconnotationsofChineseidioms.Inthisway,EnglishpeoplecanknowmoreandbetteraboutChinaandreallycontactwiththesophisticatedChineseculture.Meanwhile,tosomeextent,foreignizationcanhelptospreaduniqueChineseculturalmessageandevenhelptoenhanceculturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandforeigncountries.

[KeyWords]domestication;foreignization;culturaltranslationtheory;Chineseidioms

【摘要】归化与异化是两种不同的翻译策略。

译界有许多学者对此发表了许多的观点。

归化与异化之争由来已久，从古至今，从西方到中国，归化与异化都是学者译者们争论的热门话题之一。

翻译基本上是一种语言转换活动但又不是一项纯粹的语言转换活动，它还牵涉到种种非语言因素，特别是牵涉到种种文化因素。

翻译不仅是语言层面更是文化层面上的一种活动，其本质是文化交流。

自20世纪80年代后，许多学者针对归化与异化提出了应该从文化角度来审视二者的观点。

孙致礼在《翻译的异化与归化》中提到:

“翻译的根本任务是准确而完整地传达原作的‘思想’和‘风味’。

在翻译中，译者不仅要考虑语言的差异，还要密切注视文化的差异，力求最大限度地保存原文所蕴涵的异域文化特色。

如果不是万不得已，特别不宜归化，而要尽可能真实地传达出来。

”“归化主要表现在‘纯语言层面’，在‘文化层面’上则应力求最大限度的异化。

”以汉语习语为例，在当今跨文化交流不断发展的趋势下，译者在翻译中应多从文化的角度考虑，适度加以应用“异化”策略及其方法，尽可能重现汉语习语的文化特征及内涵，让西方人更多更好地了解中国，接触中华民族博大精深的文化，同时也有利于传播中国独有的文化气息，进而有利于实现中国与世界各国进一步交流。

[关键词]归化;异化;文化翻译观;汉语习语

1.Onculturaltranslationtheory

Culturaltranslationisdiscussedinthebroadcontextofculture.Itincludesananalysisofthesurfaceanddeepstructuresofcultureandlanguage,andtheexaminationoftheinternalcontextbetweencultureandtranslationaswellastheobjectivelawspertainingtotheirinteraction.Inlate1980s,manyscholarsbegantogivetheirownopinionsontranslationfromtheperspectiveofculture.UmbertoEcoconsideredthattranslationequalstoculture,thatistosay,thetranslationactivityisakindofculturaltransportation.“LambertandRobynsheldthattranslationshouldbetreatedasnotonlyanactivitybetweentwolanguagesbutalsoacommunicativeactivitybetweentwocultures.Nidapointedout:

foratrulysuccessfultranslation,biculturalabilityismuchmoreimportantthanbilingualability”[1]p70.Somescholarssuggestedthatculturebutnottextshouldberegardedasthetranslationunitandtranslatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontocultureduringtranslation.Tosomeextent,thoseviewsbecamesymbolsofformationofculturaltranslationtheory.

Differentcultureshavedifferentfeatures.Cultureindicatesanation,regionorarace’sfeature.Andthecommunicationofdifferentculturesneedstranslation.Translationistheproductionandintermediumofculturalcommunication.“Translationreflectsthefeaturesofbothcultureswhenonelanguageandcultureistranslatedintoanother.Andtheaimoftranslationistotransferthesourcecultureintothetargetculture”　p24.“WangZuoliangpointedout:

Thedifferencebetweentwoculturesisthemostdifficultthingintranslation,sotranslatorsshouldhaveagoodknowledgeofboththeforeigncultureandthenativeculture.Themoretranslatorsunderstandtheculturalinformation,themorepossiblytheycanmasterthelanguageandreproducetheoriginalculture.HanZimanviewedthatthefeaturesofculturehaveaneffectonthewholetranslationactivitiesandtheviseversaisalsotrue”　p116.Therefore,thetransferenceofculturalinformationshouldplayakeyroleintranslation.

Inthebroadcontextofculture,translationmeansnotonlyonelanguagebeingtransferredintoanotherbutalsoacommunicationbetweentwocultures.Andthepurposeoftranslationistopromoteculturalcommunication.Translationisakindofculturalactivitythattranslatorsreproducetheoriginalcultureinthetargettext.Culturalinformationbutnotlanguageistheobjectoftranslation.“Duringtranslation,translatorsshouldtranslatethe‘form’and‘essence’oftheoriginallanguageintothetargetlanguagedirectlyandexactly.,translationshouldreservetheculturaldifferenceandreproducetheoriginal‘foreignness’asmuchaspossible”　p37.Here,“‘foreignness’meansthattranslationshouldkeepasmuchaspossibletheculturalfeaturesandinformationofthesourcetext”　p136.Allinall,inculturaltranslation,translatorsshouldtakecultureintoconsiderationandreconstructthesourcecultureasmuchaspossibleintothetargetlanguageduringtranslation.

2.Domesticationandforeignizationunderthelightofculturaltranslation

Theoriginanddefinitionofdomesticationandforeignization

Thepairofterms,domesticationandforeignization,wasmentionedinTheTranslatorInvisibilitywrittenbyAmericanfamoustranslator　in1995,whichwereusedtodescribetwokindsoftranslationstrategies.TheirtakingoutwereonthebasisofGermanyphilosopherSchleierMarcher,whoviewedthatthereweretwokindsoftranslation,onewas“thetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeaceasmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardhim.”theotherwas”thetranslatorleavesthereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardhim.”p21.AccordingtoMarcher’sopinion,theformersentencereferstomeanthereader-orientedtranslationwhilethelattertheauthor-orientedone.Thereader-orientedtranslationreferstothetranslationthattranslatorspaymoreattentiontothetargetlanguagereaders’conventionsandunderstandingswhiletheauthor-orientedonemeanstothetranslationthattranslatorstakethesourcelanguageauthor’sideasandstyleintoaccount.However,heneverusedspecialtermstosummarizethem.ItwasSchuttleworthandCowiewhodefinedthem.Theygave“domestication”adefinitionas“atermusedbyVenutitodescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.”p21Venuticonsideredthat“domestication”containedderogatorymeaning,because“itisidentifiedwithapolitycommonindominantcultureswhichare‘aggressivelymonolingual,unreceptivetotheforeign’,andwhichhedescribesasbeing‘accustomedtofluenttranslationsthatinvisiblyinscribeforeigntextwith[targetlanguage]valuesandprovidereaderswithnarcissisticexperienceofrecognizingtheirowncultureinaculturalother”　p21.Inotherwords,accordingtoVenuti’sopinion,“domestication”usedintranslationindicatesthemeaningofthe“dominantculture”recombiningthelanguageandculturalfeaturesofthesourcetextwiththepurposeofdominatingthe“weakculture”.

For“foreignization”,SchuttleworthandCowiedefineditas“atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsberetainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.”Venutiregardeditasachallengingstrategyto“domestication”anditseffectisto“registerthelinguisticandculturaldifferenceoftheforeigntext,sendingthereaderabroad.”　p21Intranslation,translatorsshouldreservethelanguageandculturefeaturesofthesourcetext;therefore,readersofthetargettextcanfeelsome“strangeness”ofothercultures.

ThedefinitionofdomesticationandforeignizafionhaschangedwhentheyareintroducedintoChina.“Andthescopeofreferenceisenlarged.ItreferstonotonlythetranslationfromforeignlanguagestoEnglishbutalsothetranslationfromonelanguagetoanother,especiallyfromChinesetootherlanguages”[10]p22.What’smore,theelementsofculturalinequalityneverdrawpeople’sgreatattentionandevenareforgotten.

Fromtheexplorationanddiscussionmentionedabove,nowwecansumupdomesticationandforeignizationinthisway:

theyaretwodifferenttranslationstrategiesusedbytranslatorsaccordingtodifferentaspectssuchasthedifferencebetweentwolanguagesandcultures,translationpurpose,typeoftext,intentionoftheauthorandreadersofthetargetlanguageetc.“Domestication”holdsthattranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththetargetlanguageandcultureandgetridofthebarriersasmuchaspossiblesoastomeetthetargetlanguagereadersdemands;“foreignization”viewsthattranslationshouldreservetheculturalfeaturesofsourcelanguagesoastoenrichthetargetlanguageandcultureandmeetthetargetlanguagereaders’demandof“strangeness”.“Domesticationandforeignizationisapairofcomplementarytranslationstrategiesthatdon’trejectagainsteachother”[11]p68.

Foreignization-orientedstrategyunderthelightofculturaltranslation

Generallyspeaking,domesticatingtranslationgivesthereadermoreconvenienceandsavesthereadermuchtime.Inth