英语语言学概论syntax.docx

英语语言学概论syntax.docx

《英语语言学概论syntax.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学概论syntax.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

英语语言学概论syntax

徐州工程学院教案

年至年第学期第周星期

课题名称（含教材章节）：

Chapter4Syntax

教学目的和要求：

本章介绍了句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。

通过本章的学习，了解并掌握句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。

教学重点：

语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、以及将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则。

教学难点：

表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、以及将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则。

教学内容（要点）

I.DefinitionofSyntax

II.theTraditionalApproach

III.TheStructuralApproach

IV.TheGenerativeApproach

V.TheFunctionalApproach

徐州工程学院教案纸

I.Definitionsofsyntax

✹1.Theoriginoftheword“syntax”:

fromGreek,madeupoftwomorphemes:

{syn}and{tax}.Theformermeans“together”,andthelatter“toarrange”,hencethemeaning“asettingouttogether”or“arrange”

✹2.Definitionofsyntax:

thestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.

II.Thetraditionalapproach

✹Traditionally,asentenceisseenasasequenceofwords.

✹Thestudyofsentenceformationinvolvesagreatdealofthestudyoftheword,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermsofsubject,predicate,etc.Thesepartsofspeechandfunctionsarecalledcategories.

✹1.Number,genderandcase

✹Numberismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun,e.g.abook,somebooks;I,we,he,they.TheEnglishverbalsoinflectsfornumber,e.g.HespeaksEnglish.InlanguageslikeFrench,adjectivesandarticleshavenumberstoo.

✹Twotermsofnumber:

singularandplural.SomelanguageslikeclassicalGreekandArabichaveathirdnumber:

dual（双数）,whichmeans“both”.AndFijian（斐济语）hasafourth:

trial（三数）.Chineseissaidtohavenone.们limitedusage

✹Gender（性）isalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.InEnglishthegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature,e.g.actor,actress;hero,heroine.InsomelanguageslikeFrenchthegenderdistinctionsaregrammatical.Theymayhavenothingtodowiththesexoftherealworldentitiesatall.Andallnounshavegenderdistinctionswhethertheyrefertoanimateentitiesornot.

✹Thecategoryofcase（格）isprominentinthegrammarofLatin.Ithassixdistinctionsofnominative（主格）,vocative（呼格）,accusative（宾格）,genitive（属格）,dative（与格）andablative（离格）.InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative（I,he,she）,accusative（me,him,her）andgenitive（my,your,his）.Nounshavetwocases:

general（普通格）andgenitive（John’s,boy’s）.

✹2.Tenseandaspect（时和体）

✹Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,andtheywerenotseparatedintraditionalgrammar.Englishusedtobesaidtohavesixteentenses.SeethetableonPage117.

✹Nowadays,linguistsmaketwodistinctions:

onebetweentimeandtense,andtheotherbetweentenseandaspect.

✹Timeisauniversalconcept,andtenseisalinguisticconcept.

✹Thedifferencebetweentenseandaspect:

Tenseisdeictic（指别的）,whichindicatestimerelativetothetimeofutterance.Aspectisnotdeictic,thetimeindicatedisnotrelativetothetimeofutterance,butrelativetothetimeofanothereventdescribedinthenarrative.

✹Thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:

pastandpresent.

✹Theso-calledfuturetenseisnotexpressedbythedifferentformsoftheverb,butbyvariousothermeans.

✹Thecontrastbetweenperfectiveandimperfective:

Perfectivereferstothecompletionofanaction,andimperfectiveexpressesdurationwithoutcompletion.

✹3.Concordandgovernment（一致关系和支配关系）

✹Concord（agreement）maybedefinedastherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.thisman,thesemen;abook,somebooks.HespeaksEnglish.TheyspeakEnglish.

✹Governmentisanothertypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstructions.Thisisarelationshipinwhichawordofacertainclassdeterminestheformofothersintermsofcertaincategory.Shegavehimabook.Shegaveabooktohim.IsawherinBristol.

✹Governorandthegoverned

III.Thestructuralapproach

✹StartedbytheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureinthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.

✹Regardalllinguisticunitsasinterrelatedwitheachotherinastructureorsystem,notasisolatedbits.

✹1.Syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations（组合关系与聚合关系）:

✹Signified（所指）andsignifier（能指）

✹Trytofindthevalueofasignfromitsrelationstoothersoritspositioninthesystem.

✹ThetwoprincipalrelationsidentifiedbySaussurearesyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations.

✹Syntagmaticisarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.Iftheweatherisnice,we’llgoout.

✹Theparadigmatic（associative）relationisarelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.Thewomanissmiling.boy.girl,man,woman,student

✹Thesequencewhichasignformswiththoseinasyntagmaticrelationiscalledastructure.Theclassofsignswhichareinaparadigmaticrelationiscalledasystem.

✹Thesyntagmaticrelation=thehorizontalrelation,thechainrelation

✹Theparadigmaticrelation=theverticalrelation,choicerelation

✹2.Immediateconstituentanalysis（直接成分分析法）

✹Linearstructure（线性结构）,hierarchicalstructure（层级结构）

✹Construction（结构体）,constituents（成分）

✹ICAnalysis（IC分析法）

✹Immediateconstituentsareconstituentsimmediatelybelowthelevelofaconstruction.PoorJohnranaway.（PoorJohn,ranaway）

✹Thelastlevelofconstituents

✹（morphemes）areknownasultimateconstituents（最终成分）.

✹Immediateconstituentanalysis:

✹theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents---wordgroups

（phrases）,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Itmaybecarriedoutwithbracketsandshownwithtreediagrams.

✹3.Endocentricandexocentricconstructions（向心结构和离心结构）:

✹Endocentric:

John,PoorJohnThestructureremainsthesame.Ashortexpressionbecomeslongerbytheadditionofamodifier.Andthetwoexpressionsaresyntacticallythesame.Theyaresubstitutableforeachother.Johnisthecentreorheadofthelongerexpression.

✹Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentreorheadofthewhole.

✹Anendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasaheadedconstruction.

✹Typicalendocentricconstructionsarenounphrases（thethreesmallchildren）,verbphrases（willhavebeenleaving）,adjectivephrases（reallyverylate）.

✹Theheadisnotnecessarilythelastconstituent.Itmayoccuratthebeginning,e.g.thebookontheshelf,themanaboutwhomI’vebeentalking,walkedawayimmediately,hotbeyondendurance,afraidofthetalk

✹Endocentricconstructionsmaybefurtherdividedintotwosubtypes:

SUBORDINATEandCOORDINATEconstructions（主从结构和并列结构）.

✹Thoseinwhichthereisonlyonehead,withtheheadbeingdominantandtheotherconstituentsdependent,aresubordinateconstructions.

✹Inthecoordinateconstruction,therearemorethanonehead,e.g.boysandgirls,coffeeortea,thecityRome.Intheseexpressionsbothnounsarecapableofservingasthehead.

✹Theexocentricconstructionisdefinedasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Thereisnonoticeablecentre,orhead,init.Prepositionalphraseslikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.Thewholeconstructionhasadifferentgrammaticalfunctionfromeitherofitsconstituentsonortheshelf.Theycannotsubstituteforeachother.

IV.Thegenerativeapproach

✹OriginatedwithNoamChomsky

✹1.Deepandsurfacestructure:

✹Deepstructuremaybedefinedastheabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction,i.e.theunderlyinglevelofstructuralrelationsbetweenitsdifferentconstituents.

✹Surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.

✹InSyntacticStructurepublishedin1957,Chomskyproposedalinguisticmodelconsistingofthreecomponents:

Phrasestructurerule:

✹S→NP+VP

✹VP→V+NP

✹NP→Det+N

✹Det→the,a,etc.

✹N→man,ball,etc.

✹V→hit,took,etc.

✹Themanhitaball.

✹Thetransformationalcomponenthastransformationalruleswhichchangethedeepstructuresgeneratedbyphrasestructurecomponentintosurfacestructures.

✹Themorpho-phonemiccomponentisresponsibleforthecorrectspellingandpronunciationofthewordsinthesurfacestructure.

✹2.Thestandardtheory（标准理论）andafter

✹AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax（1965）

✹Chomskyintroducedsomemodificationstohisfirstmodel.Hehasaddedasemanticcomponenttoit.SeeFigure3onPage135.

✹Thebasecomponentandthetransformationalcomponenttogethermakeupthesyntacticcomponent.Languageisnowseenasconsistingofthreemajorparts:

syntax,semanticsandphonology.

✹ThelinguisticmodelpresentedinAspectsseemedtobequitecomprehensiveandmaturecomparedwiththefirstmodelandcametobeknownasthestandardtheory.

✹3.Government（管辖）,binding（约束）

✹Cho