英语词汇学200要点不过都难啊.docx

英语词汇学200要点不过都难啊.docx

《英语词汇学200要点不过都难啊.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语词汇学200要点不过都难啊.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

英语词汇学200要点不过都难啊

1.外来词分为四类：

1Denizens,cupfromcuppa,portformportus2）Aliensgarage,dcor3）Translatione-oanse.g.longtimenosee4）Semantic-loans.e.g.dream.

2.Motivation分类:

onomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivation,etymologicalmotivation.Typesofmeaning:

grammatical〜&lexical〜；conceptual〜&associative〜（connotative〜，stylistic〜，affective〜，collocative〜,）

多义关系及两种研究方法:

Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.

3.Synchronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudiesthecoexisteneeofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.

4.Primarymeaningistheonlymeaningthatawordhadwhenitwasfirstcreated.

5.Derivedmeaningsarethemeaningsthatawordgetsfromtheprimarymeaningatdifferentstagesofitsdevelopmentinthecourseoftime.

6.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:

perfecthomonyms（samename）;homographs（samespelling）andhomophones（somesound）.Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/（n）alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/（v）toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//（v）toscatterseeds;sow/sau/（n）femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/（n）alovedperson;deer/dia/（n）akindofanimal.

7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区另UPerfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldiffereneebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck（See6.1Polysemy）.Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.

8.同义关系Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfromborrowing,dialectsandregional

English,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincideneewithidiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhediffereneebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheirdenotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.

9.SourcesofSynonymsl）Borrowing2）DialectsandregionalEnglish3）Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4）Coincideneewithidiomaticexpressions

10.如何区分同义词？

IDiffereneeindenotation2Differenceinconnotation3Differenceinapplication

11.Whatarethecharacteristicsofantonyms?

12.1）Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition2）Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3）Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.4）Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintenisty,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.

13.上下义关系:

Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisineludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Superordinatesrefertosomegeneralwords;subordinatesdenotethosemorespecificwords.Hyponymycanbedescribedintermsoftree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinates.Buttheirstatuseitherassuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Forexample,horse,dog,pigaresubordinatesinrelationtoanimal,butsuperordinatesofmare,houndandboar,Animalitselfbecomesasubordinateofcreature.Andcreatureinturnbecomes

14.词义变化的种类Therearefivetypesofmeaning,changesextension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransferamongwhichextensionandnarrowingarethemostcommon.Changesinmeaningcanbeaccountedforfromextra-linguisticfactors（historicalreason,classreason,andpsychologicalreason）andintra-linguisticfactors（shortening,theinfluxofborrowing,andanalogy）.

15.词义的扩大Extensionisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorless

16.definiteconcept.Comparethefollowing；词义的缩小Narrowingisaprocessbywhichawordofwidermeaningacquiresaspecializedsense词义的升华Elevationisaprocessbywhichawordmovesfromaderogatoryorneutralsensetoaneutraland/orappreciativesense词义的降格Degradationisaprocessbywhichawordofreputationslidesintoapejorativeuse,；词义的转移Transferisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertoadifferentbutrelatedthing.Paperservesasanexample.ThiswordformerlydenotedanAfricanplantpapyrus,whichwasonceusedtomakepaper.Inmoderntimes,paperismadefromrags,wood,strawandthelike,buttheproducthasretainedthesame

name.Thereisassociatedtransfer.Thereareotherkindsoftransfer,suchas,concretetoabstract,abstracttoconcreteandtransferofsensation.

17.语境的种类：

非语言语境。

语言语境：

词汇语境和语法语境。

Therearetwotypesofcontexts:

linguisticcontextandextra-linguistic（ornon-linguisticcontext）.Extra-linguisticcontextreferstothosesituationsandfeatureswhicharenotdirectlyapartoftheIanguageinusebutwhicheithercontributeinconveyingamessageorhaveaninflueneeonIanguageuse.LinguisticorIntra-linguisticcontextisfurthersubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Bylexical

contextwemeanthewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Bygrammaticalcontextwemeanthatthemeaningsofawordmaybeinflueneedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.

18.语境的作用：

Threemajorfunctionsofcontext:

eliminationofambiguity,indicationofreferents,provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning.Contextanbesummedupasfollows:

1）definition2）explanation3）example4）synonymy5）Antonymy6）hyponymy7）relevantdetails8）wordstructure

19.英语习语的特点Thecharacteristicsofidiomsincludesemanticunityandstructuralstability.

20.英语习语的分类Accordingtothecriterionoftheirgrammaticalfunctions,weclassifythemintoidiomsnominalin

nature,idiomsadjectivalinnature,idiomsverbalinnature,idiomsadverbialinnature,andsentenceidioms.Thestylisticfeaturesarecharacterizedwithcolloquialisms,slang,andliteraryexpressions.

21.英语习语的使用Theuseofidiomsinvolvestheirstylisticfeatures,rhetoricalfeatures,andvariationsofidioms.

22.英语习语的修辞色彩Therhetoricalfeaturesofidiomsarerepresentedwithphoneticmanipulation（alliteration头韵法andrhyme叠韵）,lexicalmanipulation（reiteration复用,repetition重复andjuxtaposition反义词叠用）,figuresofspeech（simile明喻,metaphor暗喻,metonymy转喻,synecdoche借代,personification拟人,euphemism委婉）

23.英语习语的变异形式Inthevariations,addition,deletion,replacement,position-shiftinganddismemberingare

involvedinthechangesinidiomsconstituents.

24.Associativemeaning:

1）associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2）Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3）Itisliabletotheinflueneeofsuchfactorsasculture,experienee,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4）Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:

connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.

25.Metonymy禾口Synecdoche修饰有何区另S?

Bothmetonymyandsynecdocheinvolvesubstitutionofnames,yettheydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanothercloselyassociatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.

26.词典的种类Therearefourtypesofdictionarieswiththeirfeaturesmentionedinthisparts:

（1）monolingualandbilingualdictionaries,

（2）linguisticandencyclopedicdictionaries,（3）unabridged,deskandpocketdictionaries,（4）specializeddictionaries.AmonolingualdictionaryisadictionarywhichiswritteninoneIanguage.

27.AbilingualdictionaryisoneinwhichtwoIanguagesareinvolved.

28.AlinguisticdictionaryisadictionarywhichaimsatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesintheIanguage.

29.Anencyclopedicdictionaryisoneinwhichencyclopedicinformationisprovidedalongwiththegeneralinformationasinalinguisticdictionary.

30.Anencyclopediaisadietionarywhichonlyprovideencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.

31.Anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshorteneddictionarywit