英语四级真题及答案解析.docx

英语四级真题及答案解析.docx

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英语四级真题及答案解析

2011年12月英语四级真题及答案解析

第一部分真题

作文略

PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）

WhyIntegrityMatters

WhatisIntegrity?

　　Thekeytointegrityisconsistency--notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself（honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness）butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachday.Onewhohasintegrityisboundbyandfollowsmoralandethicalstandardsevenwhenmakinglife'shardchoices,choiceswhichmaybecloudedbystress,pressuretosucceed,ortemptation.

　　Whathappensifwelie,cheat,steal,orviolateotherethicalstandards?

Wefeeldisappointedinourselvesandashamed.Butalapseofintegrityalsoaffectsourrelationshipswithothers.Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?

Thus,integritymustbeoneofourmostimportantgoals.

RiskyBusiness

　　Weareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision-makingprocesshasbeenunderminedbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromourmistake,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedid,andthenexploringwaystoavoidsimilarproblemsinthefuture.

　　Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecan'tseetheriskswe'retaking,wecan'tmakeresponsiblechoices.Toidentifyrisks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesn'tknowtherulesaboutplagiarismmayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercredit,oronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesasrequired.Butthefactthatsuchaviolationis"unintentional"doesnotexcusethemisconduct.Ignoranceisnotadefense.

"ButEverybodyDoesIt"

　　Mostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfacts,butmanagetofoolthemselvesabouttherisksthey'retakingbyusingexcuses:

"Everyoneelsedoesit,""I'mnothurtinganyone,"or"Ireallyneedthisgrade."Excusescangetveryelaborate:

"IknowI'mlookingatanother'sexam,eventhoughI'msupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthat'snotcheatingbecauseI'mjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying."Wemustbehonestaboutouractions,andavoidexcuses.Ifwefoolourselvesintobelievingwe'renotdoinganythingwrong,wecan'tseetherealchoicewe'remaking--andthatleadstobaddecisions.

　　Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:

Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublic,andanyonecouldbewatchingoveryourshoulder.Wouldyoufeelproudorashamedofyouractions?

Ifyou'dratherhideyouractions,that'sagoodindicationthatyou'retakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.

EvaluatingRisks

　　Todecidewhetherariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits（"what'sinitforme"）,andsimplyhaven'tconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtareserious,andmayincludea"0"onatestorassignment;an"F"intheclass;suspensionordismissalfromschool;transcriptnotation;andatarnishedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaruleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlife,andgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishment:

youhavenocontroloverwhatthatpunishmentmightbe.Thisisanextremelyprecariousandvulnerableposition.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeath,orhighestprinciple,whichmightjustifysucharisk,buttherearen'tmanythingsthatfallinthiscategory.

GettingAwayWithIt--OrNot

　　Thosewhodon'tgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice.Acheaterdoesn'tlearnfromthetest,deprivinghim/herselfofaneducation.Cheatingunderminesconfidenceandindependence:

thecheaterisafraud,andknowsthatwithoutdishonesty,he/shewouldhavefailed.Cheatingdestroysself-esteemandintegrity,leavingthecheaterashamed,guilty,andafraidofgettingcaught.Worstofall,acheaterwhodoesn'tgetcaughtthefirsttimeusuallycheatsagain,notonlybecausehe/sheisfartherbehind,butalsobecauseitseems"easier."Thisslipperyslopeoferodingethicsandbiggerrisksleadsonlytodisaster.Eventually,thecheatergetscaught,andthelaterhe/shegetscaught,theworsetheconsequences.Studentshavebeendismissedfromschoolbecausetheydidn'tgetthissimplemessage:

HonestyistheONLYpolicythatworks.

CheatingHurtsOthers,Too

　　Cheatersoftenfeelinvisible,asiftheiractions"don'tcount"anddon'treallyhurtanyone.Butindividualchoiceshaveaprofoundcumulativeeffect.Cheatingcanspreadlikeadisease,andacheatercanencourageothersjustbybeingseenfromacrosstheroom.Recentstatisticssuggest30%ormoreofcollegestudentscheat.Ifaclassisgradedonacurve,cheatinghurtsothers'grades.Evenifthereisnocurve,cheating"poisons"theclassroom,andothersmayfeelpressuredtojoinin.（"IfIdon'tcheat,Ican'tcompetewiththosewhodo."）Cheatingalsohasadestructiveimpactonteachers.Therealrewardofgoodteachingisseeingstudentslearn,but⑧.acheatersays,"I'mnotinterestedinwhatyou'retryingtoteach;allIcareaboutisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers."Theendresultisablatantanddestructiveattackonthequalityofyoureducation.Finally,cheatingcanhurtthereputationoftheUniversity,andharmthosewhoworkedhardfortheirdegree.

WhyIntegrityMatters

　　Ifcheatingbecomesthenorm,thenweareinbigtrouble.⑨.Wemustrelyonthehonestyandgoodfaithofotherseveryday.Ifnot,wecouldn'tputmoneyinthebank,buyfood,clothing,ormedicinefromothers,driveacrossabridge,getonaplane,gotothedentist--thelistisendless.Therearemanyexamplesofthevastharmthatiscausedwhenindividualsforgetorignoretheeffecttheirdishonestycanhave.Thesavingsandloanscandal,thestockmarketandjunkbondswindles,and,ofcourse,⑩.Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.Suchincidentstakeatremendoustollonournation'seconomyandourindividualwell-being.Forexample,butforthesavingsandloandebacle,theremightbefundsavailabletoreducethenationaldebtandpayforeducation.

　　Insum,weallhaveacommonstakeinourschool,ourcommunity,andoursociety.Ouractionsdomatter.Itisessentialthatweactwithintegrityinordertobuildthekindofworldinwhichwewanttolive.

1.Apersonofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso_______。

　A）stickstothemintheirdailylife　　B）makesthemknowntoothers

　C）understandstheirtruevalues　　D）seesthatothersalsofollowthem

2.Whatroledoesintegrityplayinpersonalandprofessionalrelationships?

　A）Ithelpstocreateteamspirit　B）Itfacilitatescommunication

　C）Itisthebasisofmutualtrust　D）Itinspiresmutualrespect

3.Whymustwelearntoidentifytheriskswearegoingtotake?

　A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices　B.Toavoidbeingoverwhelmedbystress

　C.sothatwedon’tbreakanyrules　D.sothatwedon’trunintotrouble

4.Violationofaruleismisconductevenif_______

　A.ithascausednoharm　B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional

　C.ithasgoneunnoticed　D.itiscommittedwithgoodintentions

5.Whatshouldonedoifhedoesn’twishtofoolhimself?

　A.Avoidmakingexcuses　B.Listentootherpeople’sadvice

　C.Makehisintensionspublic　D.Haveotherswatchoverhisshoulder

6.Thosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron_______。

　A.willoftenbecomemorecautious　B.areusuallyveryaggressive

　C.valueimmediatebenefitsmost　D.mayloseeverythingintheend

7.Accordingtotheauthor,acheaterwhodoesn’tgetcaughtrightawaywill_______

　A.paymoredearly　B.becomemoreconfident

　C.bewidelyadmiredD.feelsomewhatlucky

8.Cheatersatexamdon’tcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowto_______

9.Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeople’s_________________________

10.ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticalleadersasaresultof_______ 

PartIIIListeningComprehension

SectionA

11.A.ReadthenoticeonthewindowB.Getanewbusschedule

C.GoandaskthestaffD.BoardthebustoCleveland

12.A.Hewaslookingforwardtoseeingthegiraffes.

B.Heenjoyedwatchingtheanimalperformance.

C.HegothometoolatetoseetheTVspecial

D.HefellasleepinthemiddleoftheTVprogram.

13.A.Shewantstotakethemostdirectway.

B.Shemaybelateforthefootballgame.

C.Sheisworriedaboutmissingherflight.

D.Sheiscurrentlycaughtinatrafficjam.

14.A.AtarestaurantB.Inafishshop

C.AtaclinicD.Onafishingboat

15.A.Heisanexperiencedsalesmanager.

B.Heisbeinginterviewedforajob.

C.Heisaclosefriendofthewoman.

D.Heisgoodatansweringtrickyquestions.

16.A.Themanshouldconsiderhisprivacyfirst.

B.Themanwillchoosealow-rentapartment.

C.Themanisnotcertainifhecanfindaquieterplace

D.Themanisunlikelytomoveoutofthedormitory.

17.A.Thewomanisgoingtomakehertopicmorefocused.

B.Themanandwomanareworkingonajointproject.

C.Oneshouldchooseabroadtopicforaresearchpaper.

D.Ittoolalotoftimetogetthemanontherighttrack.

18.A.Theywentcampingthistimelastyear.

B.Theydidn’tquiteenjoytheirlastpicnic.

C.Theylearnedtocooperateunderharshconditions.

D.Theyweren’