逻辑大全笔记Text C.docx

逻辑大全笔记Text C.docx

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逻辑大全笔记TextC

写在前面：

粉色是正确答案，黄色是我做得答案，如果题目中只有黄色，说明那个是正确答案。

Questions1-2arebasedonthefollowing.

Wehaveheardagooddealinrecentyearsaboutthedecliningimportanceofthetwomajorpoliticalparties.Itisthemassmedia,wearetold,thatdecidetheoutcomeofelections,notthepoweroftheparties.Butitisworthnotingthatnoindependentorthird-partycandidatehaswonanyimportantelectioninrecentyears,andinthelastnationwidecampaign,thetwomajorpartiesraisedandspentmoremoneythaneverbeforeinsupportoftheircandidatesandplatforms.Itseemsclearthatreportsoftheimminentdemiseofthetwo-partysystemareprematureatbest.

（本文逻辑：

两大政党的力量正在衰弱，现在是大众媒体决定选举结果；但是，现实却是这几年，没有独立的或者第三方的候选人赢得了任何重要选举，而且上一次的全国竞选中，两党都花费了比以前更多的金钱去支持他们的候选人→现在说两党力量衰弱还为时过早）

1.Whichofthefollowingisanassumptionmadeintheargumentabove?

（A）Theamountofmoneyraisedandspentbyapoliticalpartyisonevalidcriterionforjudgingtheinfluenceoftheparty.

（由本文逻辑可清楚的知道，文章是通过两党花费了比以前更多的金额这个事实，推断出两党力量没有衰弱；所以，假设就是两党所花费的金钱是一种判断党影响力的重要因素）

（B）Asignificantincreaseinthenumberofthird-partycandidateswouldbeevidenceofadeclineintheimportanceofthetwomajorparties.

（C）Thetwo-partysystemhascontributedsignificantlytothestabilityoftheAmericanpoliticalstructure.

（取非，两党制对美国的政治体制稳定没有任何贡献。

但没有办法削弱结论）

（D）Themassmediatendtofavoranindependentorthird-partycandidateoveracandidatefromoneofthetwomajorparties.

（Whethermediafavorthirdpartyornotwouldnotaffectthereasoninginthequestion:

raiselotsofmoney-->thetwopartiesarestillimportant.）By隐身会员

1）choiceD（mediapreferothercanidate）+（nocanidateofotherpartyischosen）->mediaisnotimportant.

2）buttheconclusionis"thereportsoftheimminentdemiseoftwopartysystemarepremature",whichasksaboutthepartyinfluence,notthemediainflumence.

Bylingling2005

（E）Themassmediaarerelativelyunimportantindecidingtheoutcomeofmostelections.

补充：

（假设题的基本做法就是取非削弱；但是在取非之前就能通过无关选项排除掉一部分。

注意到题目问的是argument的假设，首先就要知道什么是argument。

以本题为例，argument就是，没有独立的或者第三方的候选人赢得了任何重要选举，而且上一次的全国竞选中，两党都花费了比以前更多的金钱去支持他们的候选人→现在说两党力量衰弱还为时过早。

所以如选项D,E，最后都是在证明massmedia的事情，排除；C选项，最后证明的是两党的稳定性而不是两党的力量衰弱，理应排除）←个人意见，仅供参考

再啰嗦一些，为什么无关选项要尽快排除，如同C选项，取非后我们发现没有意义。

因为文中没有再给出支持的论据，所以你自己说什么的都是正确的，或者什么都是错误的。

因为文中没有办法让你得出这一结论。

2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheargumentabove?

（A）Thepercentageofvotersregisteredasindependentsishighertodaythaneverbefore.

（B）Inarecentpresidentialcampaign,forthefirsttimeever,anindependentcandidatewasinvitedtoappearinateleviseddebatewiththemajor-partycandidates.

（C）EverycurrentmemberoftheU.S.Senatewaselectedasthecandidateofoneofthetwomajorparties.

（支持了原文结论：

说两党制衰弱还为时过早）

（D）Inarecentopinionpoll,mostvotersstatedthatacandidate’spartyaffiliationwasaninsignificantfactorinjudginghisorherfitnessforoffice.（C）

（E）Inthelastfouryears,theoutcomeofseveralstatewideelectionshasbeendeterminedbythestrengthofthethird-partyvote.

（削弱了原文）

3.Psychologistsconductedaseriesofexperimentstotesttheeffectuponschoolchildrenofviolenceinfilms.Inthefirstexperiment,grammarschoolchildrenwereshownafilmthatincludedscenesofamaleteenagerengaginginviolentactsagainstothers,suchaspunching,pushing,andkicking.Duringafree-playsessionfollowingthefilmviewing,42percentofthechildrenwereobservedtoengageinoneormoreviolentactssimilartothoseinthefilm.Inasecondexperiment,adifferentgroupofchildrenwasshownasimilarfilmfeaturingafemaleteenager.Only14percentofthechildrenwereobservedbehavingviolentlyafterward.Thepsychologistsconcludedthatchildrenaremorelikelytoimitateviolentbehavioronfilmwhenamalemodelisshownthanwhenafemalemodelisshown.

（原文逻辑：

【实验题】实验目的：

电影中的暴力画面对在校儿童有什么影响；实验内容：

第一组放的电影里是男学生实行暴力活动，结果又42%的人在看完电影后有了相似的暴力活动；第二组放的电影是内容相似但是是女学生进行的暴力活动，结果只有14%的人有相似的暴力活动；实验结论：

儿童们更有可能去模仿由男主角实行暴力活动的电影，而不是女主角）

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyweakenthepsychologists’conclusion?

（A）Inbothexperiments,thevictimsofthefilmedviolenceincludedbothmalesandfemales.

（B）Inthesecondexperiment,28percentofthechildrenappearedupsetduringtheviewingtheviolentfilmscenes.

（C）Thefirstgroupincluded19malestudentsand20femalestudents;thesecondgroupincluded20malestudentsand21femalestudents.

（D）Inthefirstgroup,58percentofthechildrenappearedboredduringtheshowingofthefilm,and12percentfellasleep.

（结论是说两组比较的结果，D选项只有firstgroup的情况，显然不能削弱结论）

（E）Thepercentageofchildrenknowntohavedisciplineproblemspriortotheexperimentwasgreaterinthefirstgroupthaninthesecondgroup.

（实验题经常出的假设或者加强或者削弱都是关于实验前两个对比组是不是有区别的，这对于一个实验来说很重要）

4.MainlineAirwayswasboughtbyitsemployeessixyearsago.Threeyearsago,MainlinehiredQualiCoAdvertisingAgencytohandleitspromotionsandadvertisingdivision.TodayMainline’sprofitsareover20percenthigherthantheywerefiveyearsagoand10percenthigherthantheywerethreeyearsago.EmployeeownershipandagoodadvertisingagencyhavecombinedtomakeMainlinemoreprofitable.

（原文逻辑：

[6年前，公司改变了ownership加上3年前，公司聘请了Q广告公司]+利润比五年前增长了20%，比3年前增长了10%=ownership，Q公司一起为M公司带来了更多的利润）

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheweakpointintheargumentabove?

（A）ItfailstoestablishacausalconnectionbetweenthechangeinownershipatMainlineAirwaysandthehiringofQualiCo,ontheonehand,andtheriseinMainline’sprofits,ontheother.

（松散的逻辑关系，写argument作文的时候七宗罪就是，用时间上相同来代替实际的因果关系，是很没有说服力的）

（B）Itpresentsnoevidenceshowingthatemployee-ownedairlinesareanymoreprofitablethanotherairlines.

（C）ItassumesthattheprofitsofMainlineAirwayswillcontinuetorise.

（D）ItgivesnoexactfiguresforthecurrentprofitsofMainlineAirways.（A）

（E）ItfailstoexplainhowtheprofitsofMainlineAirwaysarecalculated.

5.Atmanycollegestoday,regulationshavebeenimposedthatforbidtheuseinspeechorprintoflanguagethat“offends”or“insults”themembersofanygroup,especiallywomenandracial,ethnic,andreligiousminorities.Althoughtheseregulationsaredefendedinthenameof“democracy,”theyrestrictfreedomofspeechandthepressinawaythatopposesthetruespiritofdemocracy.

（原文逻辑：

一些保护少数人利益的法规是在“民主”的保护下建立的，但是同时又限制了人们的言论自由，这一点又真正违背了民主的精神）

Theargumentaboveattemptstoproveitscaseprimarilyby

（A）impugningthecredentialsofanopponent

（B）providingexamplesthatsupportatheoreticalprinciple

（C）takingadvantageofinconsistenciesinthedefinitionof“democracy”

（D）revealingacontradictioninanopposingpointofview

（明显的矛盾）

（E）appealingtothepatrioticfeelingsofitsaudience

6.In1980,aDanishten-ørecoinmintedin1747wassoldatauctionfor$8,000.EleanorBixbyownsanotherDanishten-ørecoinmintedin1747.Whensheputsitonthemarketnextweek,itwillfetchapriceover$18,000.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheconclusiondrawnabove?

（A）Since1980,theaveragepriceforrarecoinshasincreasedbyover150percent.

（B）Thereareonlyfourcoinsliketheoneinquestionintheentireworld.

（C）Since1980,theconsumerpriceindexhasrisenbyover150percent.

（D）In1986,apreviouslyunknowncacheofonehundredcoinsjustliketheoneinquestionwasfound.

（如果1986→1980，这题就有了削弱的意义，物以稀为贵）

（E）Thirtyprominent,wealthycoincollectorsareexpectedtobidforBixby’scoin.

7.MercohasbeeninbusinesslongerthanNolen.Inc,OleanIndustrieswasfoundedyearsbeforethePotterCompany,andthePotterCompanywasstartedyearsaftertheQuarlesCorporation.Nolen,Inc.,andtheQuarlesCorporationwerefoundedinthesameyear.

（原文逻辑：

M>N;O>P;P

Iftheinformationaboveistrue,whichofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?

（A）OleanIndustrieshasbeeninbusinessformoreyearsthanMerco.

（B）OleanIndustrieshasbeeninbusinessformoreyearsthantheQuarlesCorporation.

（C）Nolen,Inc.,hasnotbeeninbusinessforasmanyyearsasOleanIndustries.

（D）MercohasbeeninbusinessformoreyearsthanthePotterCompany.

（M>N=Q>P）

（E）Nolen,Inc.,hasnotbeeninbusinessforasmanyyearsasthePotterCompany.

8.Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthepassagebelow?

Aprimaryfactorinperpetuatingthelowsalariesofwomenworkershasbeentheirsegregationintheso-calledpink-collaroccupations,suchasnursing,teaching,libraryscience,andsecretarialwork.Partlybecausethesejobshavetraditionallybeenheldbywomen,theirsalarylevelshavebeendepressed,and,despiteincreasedattemptstounionizetheseworkersinrecentyears,theirpaycontinuestolag.Moreover,althoughalargepercentageofwomenthaneverbeforearenowenteringandremaininginthejobmarket,mostcontinuetogravitatetowardthepink-collarfields,despitethelowersalaries.Itseemsclear,therefore,thatiftheaveragesalariesofwomenworkersaretoapproachthoseofmen,______

（原文逻辑：

女性工人长期低工资的原因是她们被隔离在pink-collar工作里;尽管他们这几年都联合起来,但是由于pink-collar一直是妇女们工作的传统,所以他们的工资一直被压低.Moreover,尽管这几年有更过的妇女出来工作,他们仍然继续选择低工资的pink-collar工作,所以,如果女性的平均工资提高到接近男性的水平,（需要）…..）

低工资理由:

1）粉领低工资

2）妇女们因为传统还是选择粉领的工作

为了提高工资:

脱离传统,不再做粉领

（A）laborunionsmustredoubletheireffortstoimprovethelotofworkingwomen

（B）society’sperceptionofpink-collarjobsaslessimportantandlessdemandingthanotherjobsmustbechanged

（C）moremenmustbeencouragedtoenterfieldstraditionallyoccupiedbywomen

（D）thenumberofjobsinthepink-collarfieldsrelativetothesizeoftheworkforceasawholemustbemarkedlyincreased

（if引导的条件从句，空白处应该填上条件）

（E）morewomenmustenteroccupationsotherthanthosetraditionallyreservedforthem