专业八级语言学+练习精华.docx

专业八级语言学+练习精华.docx

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专业八级语言学+练习精华

Chapter1PreliminariesaboutLanguage

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.（F）

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral..（F）

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks..（F）

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts..（T）

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.（T.）

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.（T）

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.（T）

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.（F）

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.（T）

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.（T）

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.（T）

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.（T）

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotisolation,butincontext.（T）

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.（T）

15.Sociolinguuisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.（T）

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprecriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.（F）

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.（T）

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.（F）

19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.（T）

20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.（F）

II.Fillineachofthefollwingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk____oftherulesofhislanguage.（konwledge）

22.Languereferstothea_____________linguiticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.（abstract）

23.D___________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.（Duality）

24.Languageisasystemofa_____________cocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.（abstract）

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds____________.（selectional）

26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag__________basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.（general）

27.P__________referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.（parole）

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa__________linguistics.（applied）

29.Languageisp__________inthatitmakespossibletheconstrctionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.（productive）

30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedadthes____________studyoflanguage.（scientific）

III.Therearefourchoicesfollwingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe_______________.

A.prescriptiveB.analytic

C.DescriptiveD.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.ArbitrarinessB.Displacement

C.DualityD.Meaingfulness

33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas_________________.

A.primaryB.correct

C.secondaryD.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardasmorebasicthanwriting,because_______________.

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue.

D.Alloftheabove.

35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa_________studyoflanguage.

A.synchronicB.diachronic

C.prescriptiveD.comparative

36.Saussuretooka（n）____________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma___________pointofview.

A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociological

C.applied…pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,___________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.paroleB.performance

C.langueD.language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_______andmeanings.

A.senseB.sounds

C.objectsD.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_______________.

A.displacementB.duality

C.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough__________,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learningB.teaching

C.booksD.bothAandB

41.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?

A.LanguageisasystemB.Languageissymbolic

C.AnimalsalsohavelanguageD.Languageisarbitrary

41.Arbitrarinessoflanguagewasfirstdiscussedby_____________.

A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.FirthD.Saussure

42.Whichfunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage?

A.InformativeB.InterpersonalC.PerformativeD.Emotive

43.Whichbranchofstudycannedbeincludedinthescopeoflinguistics?

A.SyntaxB.PragmaticsC.PhoneticsD.Anthropology.

44.Thedistinctionoflanguageandparpleismadeby_____________.

A.HallB.SapirC.ChomskyD.Saussure

45._________isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreter.

A.SyntaxB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics

46.The___________functionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.

A.performativeB.phaticC.recreationalD.emotive

47.Theterm___________maybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangesovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.

A.synchroniclinguisticsB.compartivelinguistics

C.diachroniclinguisticsD.historicalcomparativelinguistics

48._________examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.

A.SemanticsB.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Mophology

49.Saussuredistinguishesthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakersas_________.

A.paroleB.languageC.systemD.langue

50.Thisfundamentaldistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisdiscussedby__________.

A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Austin

51.Whatrethedualstructuresoflanguage?

A.SoundsandlettersB.Soundsandmeaning

C.LettersandmeaningD.Soundsandsymbols

52.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?

A.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.

B.Languageissomearbitrarysymbols.

C.Thelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings.

DLanguageisyettobeunderstood.

53.Thefounderofmodernlinguisticsis_______________.

A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure

54.Modernlinguisticsfocusesonthepresentdaylanguage,anditwillbepossibletodescribelanguagefroma___________perspective.

A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological

55._______________isconcernedwiththestudyoftheactualuseoflanguageincommunication.

A.SociolinguisticsB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Synchroniclinguistics

56._______________studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage.

A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax

57._______________studieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.

A.phoneticsB.PhonologyC.PhonemeD.Phonics

58.Productivityisoneofthe_____________featuresoflanguages.

A.distinctiveB.designC.SuprasegmentalD.pragmatic

59.WecanrefertoConfucius,eventhoughhehasbeendeadforover2,500years.Thisfeatureoflanguageiscalled_______________.

A.dualityB.creativityC.arbitrarinessD.displacement

60.Whichfunctionoflanguageisalsocalledideationalfunction（达意功能）intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar?

A.informativefunctionB.Interpersonalfunction.

C.Emotivefunction.D.Recreationalfunction.

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

61.linguistics62.phonology63syntax64pragmatics

65psycholinguistics66.language67phonetics68morphology

69semantics70.sociolinguistics71.appliedlinguistics

72.arbitrariness73.productivity74.displacement75.duality

76.Competence77.designfeatures78.performance79.langue80.parole

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

81.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.

82.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

83.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

84.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

85.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenfor