动物科学外文翻译争闹鸡群的沙浴对四种不同底物的偏好的比较.docx

动物科学外文翻译争闹鸡群的沙浴对四种不同底物的偏好的比较.docx

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动物科学外文翻译争闹鸡群的沙浴对四种不同底物的偏好的比较

Dustbathingbybroilerchickens:

acomparison

ofpreferenceforfourdifferentsubstrates

SaraJ.Shields,JosephP.Garner,JoyA.Mench∗

DepartmentofAnimalScience,UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,oneShieldsAvenue,Davis,CA95616,USA

Received28February2003;receivedinrevisedform28August2003;accepted21January2004

Abstract

Legabnormalitiesleadingtolamenessinbroilerchickensareaseriouswelfareproblem.Previousworkinourlaboratorydemonstratedthatprovidingbroilerchickenswiththeopportunitytoexercisebyperformingmorenaturalbehaviors（suchasperching,walkingupanddowninclinesanddustbathing）canimprovetheirabilitytowalknormally[J.A.Mench,J.P.Garner,C.Falcone,Behavioralactivityanditseffectsonlegproblemsinbroilerchickens,in:

H.Oester,C.Wyss（Eds.）,ProceedingsoftheSixthEuropeanSymposiumonPoultryWelfare,World’sPoultryScienceAssociation,Zollikofen,

Switzerland,2001,pp.152–156].Withthelong-termgoalofstimulatingdustbathingtoimprovelegcondition,theaimofthisstudywastodeterminethedustbathingsubstratepreferredbybroilerchickens.Weconductedadustbathingchoicetestexperimentusingfourdifferentbeddingtypes（pinewoodshavings,ricehulls,constructiongradesand,andarecycledpaperanimalbeddingproduct）.Fourdifferentbroilerchickensweretestedeachweekfor6weeksstartingwhenthechickswere1weekold.Theywereselectedfromtwogroupsofbroilerchickenshousedinlargehomepensbeddedwithwoodshavings.Selectedbirdsweretestedinsmallerpenswheretheyweredeprivedofallloosebeddingmaterialexceptduringtesting,whichwascarriedoutfor1heachdayforthree

consecutivedaysperweek.Duringanobservation,eachcornerofthetestpenwasfilledwithadifferentbeddingtype,andthebehaviorofthefocalchickrecorded.Verticalwingshakes（VWS）wereusedastheprimarymeasureofdustbathingactivity.BroilersperformedsignificantlymoreVWSperhourinsand（F3,36=13.52,P<0.0005）andspentagreaterproportionoftheirtotaltimeinsand（F5,60=5.15,P=0.001）thaninthericehulls,paper,orwoodshavings.Theyalsovisitedthesandsignificantlymoreoftenthanthepaperorthewoodshavings（F5,60=96.47,P<0.0005）.Therewerenodustbathsinthericehulls.Thelatencytoentersandwassignificantlyshorterthanthelatencytoenteranyoftheotherthreesubstrates（F3,15=5.24,P=0.0113）.Groundpeckinggenerallyprecedesadustbathingbout,andtherateofpeckingandtheproportionofthetotaltimebudgetspentpeckingwerealsohighestforsand（F3,51=24.49,P<0.0001andF3,51=15.28,P<0.0001,respectively）.Thepreferenceforsandwasapparentinthefirstweek,andwasstablewithage.Theresultsofthisstudysuggestthatsandisattractivetobroilerchickensandisapotentstimulusfor

dustbathing.Furtherworkisneededtodetermineifstimulatingbroilerchickenstodustbatheby

providingsandcanimprovetheirlegcondition,andthustheirwelfare.

©2004ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.1.Introduction

Exerciseisessentialforthehealthandwell-beingofanimals.Forbroilerchickenseven

walkingmaybedifficultasthebirdsageduetorapidgrowthrateandtheincreasingincidence

oflegdisorders（Weeksetal.,2000;Kestinetal.,1992;Mench,2004）.Previousworkinourlaboratory（Menchetal.,2001）andotherwork（ThorpandDuff,1988）suggestthatexerciseisimportantforreducingtheincidenceandseverityoflegproblems.Forbroilerchickens,oneformofexerciseisdustbathingbehavior.Becausedustbathinginvolvesrotationalandpushingmotionsofthelegs,itcouldbeaformofexercisethatimproveslegcondition.Layinghenshavebeenfoundtohaveclearpreferencesfordustbathingsubstrates（PetherickandDuncan,1989;VestergaardandBaranyiova,1996;vanLiere,1991）,butthepreferencesofbroilerchickenshavenotyetbeenthoroughlyexamined,particularlyforbeddingthatisavailableonacommercialscaleintheUS.Ouraimwastodeterminewhichsubstrate,outoffourcommerciallyavailablebeddingtypes,wasthebestforelicitingdustbathingbybroilerchickens.

Adustbathingboutiscomposedofasequenceofbehavioralcomponents（Kruijt,1964）.

Peckingandscratchingatapotentialdustbathingsiteusuallyprecedeadustbathingbout.

Thesequenceofdustbathingbehavioralcomponentsusuallybeginswith“bill-raking”,

wherethebird,inasittingposition,pullsloosesubstrateclosertoitsbody,constructinga

smallridgeofloosesubstrate.Then,whilestillinasittingposition,thebirdperformsverticalwingshakes（VWS）duringwhichsmallparticlesaretossedupwardintothefeathers.Oncedirtparticleshavebeencollectedinthefeathers,thebirdliesdownonitssideandperforms‘side-rubs’or‘head-rubs’.Side-rubsinvolvemotionofthelegsasthebirdpushesitsbodywhileinalyingposition.Whenthedustbathingbirdisfinishedwithitsbath,itstandsandconcludestheboutwitha‘ruffle-shake’,shakingoffloosedirtparticles.Theworkingofloosesubstratelikedustordirtthroughthefeathersisthoughttofunctioninabsorbingstalelipidsintheplumage（vanLiere,1991）.Undercommercialrearingconditions,broilerchickensmaynothaveaccesstoloosefriablesubstrateduringthewholegrowingperiodbecausetheirbeddingbecomescompressedanddirtywithuseovertime.Inthissituation,dustbathingmaynotbeelicitedtoitsfullest.

Likelayinghens,broilerchickensprobablyalsohavepreferencesforparticularsubstrates

inwhichtodustbathe.Ifthebeddingprovidedisnotofapreferredtype,itmayfurtherdeterthemfromdustbathing.Youngandadultlayingstrainchickenspreferpeattosand,andsandtowood-shavingsandstraw,fordustbathing（PetherickandDuncan,1989;Sanotraetal.,1995;vanLiere,1991;VestergaardandBaranyiova,1996）.However,dustbathingpreferencesofbroilerchickenshavebeenexaminedinonlyonestudy.VestergaardandSanotra（1999）providedbroilerchickswitheithersandorstrawinwhichtodustbathefortwenty-six1hsessions.Severalofthebirdsdidnotdustbatheoneverydaythesubstrateswerepresented,andthenumberofdaysinwhichdustbathingdidnotoccurwasalmosttwiceasmanyforthosebirdsgivenstrawthanthosegivensand.Thisresultsuggeststhat,atleastforsandandstraw,broilerandlayerpreferencesaresimilar.However,thedustbathingchoicetestsperformedsofarusingbroilerchickenshavenotevaluatedanyoftheothersubstratestestedforlayinghens,orthecommerciallyavailablebeddingtypesthatwouldbeeasytoobtaininlargequantitiesintheUS.Beforetheeffectofdustbathingaloneonlegconditioncanbeassessed,theconditions

thatwillelicitthemostdustbathingbehaviorfromabroilerchickenneedtobedetermined.Thepresentexperimentwasperformedinordertodeterminewhichoffourbeddingtypes,woodshavings,ricehulls,masonrygradesand,andarecycledpaper-beddingproduct,wouldelicitthemostdustbathingbehaviorincommercialstrainbroilerchickens.ThesesubstrateswerechoseneitherbecausetheyarealreadyinwidespreaduseintheUS,areavailableonacommercialscale,orarebeingconsideredasalternativestotraditionalbedding（Grimesetal.,2002）.Weexamineddifferencesintheamountofdustbathingperformed,thelatencytoperformdustbathing,thelatencytoentereachsubstrate,theamountoftimespentineachsubstrate,thenumberofvisitstoeachsubstrate,thelengthofadustbathingboutineach

substrate,andtheamountofpre-dustbathingappetitivepeckingbehaviorperformedineachsubstrate.

2.Methods

2.1.Subjectsandhousing

Thisstudy,whichwaspartofalargerstudyoftheeffectsofstraindifferencesongait,

wasapprovedbytheUniversityofCalifornia,DavisAnimalUseandCareAdministrative

AdvisoryCommittee.Cobb（N=52）andRoss（N=52）day-oldmalebroilerchicks

wereobtainedfromacommercialhatchery.Thebirdsweremarkedwithcolored,numberedidentificationtags.Halfofthebirdsofeachstrainwereplacedinonefloorpen（measuring3.05msquare）,andtheotherhalfofthebirdswereplacedinanidenticaladjacentfloorpen.Eachpencontainedwoodshavingsforbeddingandanoverheadbrooderforheat.Therewerewindowsalongthelengthofthebuildingthatalloweddaylighttoenterthepens.Overheadfluorescentlightswereoncontinuouslyforthefirst4weeks,andwerethenadjustedtoprovidean8D:

16Lschedule.Food（PurinaMillsMeatBuilder,containing20%crudeproteinandwithoutaddedmedication）andwaterwereavailableadlibitum.Mortalitywaslow（onlyonechickfrompen1died,atthestartofthesecondweek）.

2.2.Substratepreferencetests

Eachweek,beginningwhenthechickswereonewkoldandendingwhentheywere7

weeksold,eightRosschicks（fourfocalbirdsandfourpair-mates）wereremovedfrom

thetwohomepensandtakentoadifferentroominthesamebuildingtotestsubstrate

preference.Nochickwaseverusedtwice.Thechickswereplacedinpairsintooneoffourdifferent1.52m×1.52mexperimentalpens（Fig.1）,constructedofwoodandchickenwire,fordustbathingsubstratechoicetests.Chicksremainedinthesepensfor4days.Theexperimentalpenshadaraisedfloorsothatthecornersofthepenfloorcouldberemovedtoaccesssquare（0.61m×0.61m）10cmdeepboxessunkenintothecorners.Theboxeswereeachfilledtothetopwithadifferentsubstrate,suchthatthesurfacewasevenwiththefloor.Chicksthereforedidnothavetostepupordowntogetintooroutofthebox,sincethiscouldhavepreventedthemfromenteringthebox,ormadeitmoredifficultforthemtoexitonceinsidethebox,especial