管理信息系统复习资料.docx

管理信息系统复习资料.docx

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管理信息系统复习资料

Chapter1

Whatisaninformationsystem？

Whatactivitydoesitperform？

1）.Aninformationsystemcanbedefinedtechnicallyasasetofinterrelatedcomponentsthatcollect（orretrieve）,process,store,anddistributeinformationtosupportdecisionmakingandcontrolinanorganization.Inadditiontosupportingdecisionmaking,coordination,andcontrol,informationsystemalsohelpmanagersandworkersanalyzeproblems,visualizecomplexsubjectsandcreatenewproducts.

2）.Input.Processing.Output

Whatisthedifferencebetweendataandinformation？

•Information:

Byinformationwemeandatathathavebeenshapedintoaformthatismeaningfulandusefultohumanbeings.

•Data:

Dataarestreamsofrawfactsrepresentingeventsoccurringinorganizationsorthephysicalenvironmentbeforetheyhavebeenorganizedandarrangedintoaformthatpeoplecanunderstandanduse.

Whatarethedimensionsofinformationsystem?

Organizations,people,informationtechnology

Chapter2

Whatarethecharacteristicsoftransactionprocessingsystems?

Whatroledotheyplayinabusiness?

Transactionprocessingsystems（TPS）arecomputerizedsystemsthatperformandrecorddailyroutinetransactionsnecessaryinconductingbusiness;theyservetheorganization’soperationallevel.Theprincipalpurposeofsystemsatthislevelistoanswerroutinequestionsandtotracktheflowoftransactionsthroughtheorganization.

∙Attheoperationallevel,tasks,resources,andgoalsarepredefinedandhighlystructured.

∙ManagersneedTPStomonitorthestatusofinternaloperationsandthefirm’srelationshipwithitsexternalenvironment.

∙TPSaremajorproducersofinformationforothertypesofsystems.

∙TransactionprocessingsystemsareoftensocentraltoabusinessthatTPSfailureforafewhourscanleadtoafirm’sdemiseandperhapsthatofotherfirmslinkedtoit.

WhatarethecharacteristicsofMIS?

HowdoMISdifferfromTPS?

FromDSS?

Middlemanagementneedssystemstohelpwithmonitoring,controlling,decisionmaking,andadministrativeactivities.

∙MISprovidemiddlemanagerswithreportsontheorganization’scurrentperformance.Thisinformationisusedtomonitorandcontrolthebusinessandpredictfutureperformance.

∙MISsummarizeandreportthecompany’sbasicoperationsusingdatasuppliedbyTPSs.ThebasictransactiondatafromTPSarecompressedandusuallypresentedinreportsthatareproducedonaregularschedule.

∙MISservemanagersprimarilyinterestedinweekly,monthly,andyearlyresults,althoughsomeMISenablemanagerstodrilldowntoseedailyorhourlydataifrequired.

∙MISgenerallyprovideanswerstoroutinequestionsthathavebeenspecifiedinadvanceandhaveapredefinedprocedureforansweringthem.

∙MISsystemsgenerallyarenotflexibleandhavelittleanalyticalcapability.

∙MostMISusesimpleroutines,suchassummariesandcomparisons,asopposedtosophisticatedmathematicalmodelsorstatisticaltechniques.

MISdiffersfromTPSinthatMISdealswithsummarizedandcompresseddatafromtheTPS.

WhileMIShaveaninternalorientation,DSSwilloftenusedatafromexternalsources,aswellasdatafromTPSandMIS.DSSsupports“what-if”analysesratherthanalong-termstructuredanalysisofMIS.MISaregenerallynotflexibleandprovidelittleanalyticalcapabilities.Incontrast,DSSaredesignedforanalyticalpurposesandareflexible.

WhatarethecharacteristicsofDSS?

HowdotheydifferfromthoseofESS?

Decision-supportsystems（DSS）supportnonroutinedecisionmakingformiddlemanagers.

∙DSSprovidesophisticatedanalyticalmodelsanddataanalysistoolstosupportsemi-structuredandunstructureddecision-makingactivities.

∙DSSusedatafromTPS,MIS,andexternalsources,incondensedform,allowingdecisionmakerstoperform“what-if”analysis.

∙DSSfocusonproblemsthatareuniqueandrapidlychanging;proceduresforarrivingatasolutionmaynotbefullypredefined.

∙DSSaredesignedsothatuserscanworkwiththemdirectly;thesesystemsincludeinteractive,user-friendlysoftware.

Executivesupportsystemshelpseniormanagersaddressstrategicissuesandlong-termtrends,bothinthefirmandintheexternalenvironment.

∙ESSaddressnonroutinedecisionsrequiringjudgment,evaluation,andinsightbecausethereisnoagreed-onprocedureforarrivingatasolution.

∙ESSprovideageneralizedcomputingandcommunicationscapacitythatcanbeappliedtoachangingarrayofproblems.

∙ESSaredesignedtoincorporatedataaboutexternalevents,suchasnewtaxlawsorcompetitors,buttheyalsodrawsummarizedinformationfrominformationfrominternalMISandDSS.

∙ESSaredesignedforease-of-useandrelyheavilyongraphicalpresentationsofdata.

DescribetherelationshipsbetweenTPS,MIS,DSSandESS.

Ideally,allfoursystemsusethesamebasicdata.TPSareamajorsourceofinternaldataforothersystems,especiallyMISandDSS.InternaldatafromTPSandMIScombinewithexternaldatatoprovideasourceofanalysisforDSSandESS.Allfoursystemsaredesignedtogivemanagersofallorganizationallevelsandcomplete,consolidatedviewofthefirm.

Chapter3

Describethefourdifferentkindsofcompetitiveadvantageforbusiness.

①Barrierstoentrythatrestrictsupply

②Demandcontrol（switchingcostreferstocostofswitchingfromoneproducttoacompetingproduct）

③Economiesofscale

④Processefficiency（createcostadvantage）

Chapter4

Whatisinformationtechnology（IT）infrastructure?

Listanddescribeeachofitscomponents.

①ComputerHardware

Computerharderconsistoftechnologyforcomputerprocessing,datastorage,inputandoutput.

②ComputerSoftware

Itincludesbothsystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Systemsoftwaremanagestheresourcesandactivitiesofthecomputer.Applicationsoftwareappliesthecomputertoaspecifictaskforanenduser.

③DataManagementTechnology（Software）

Datamanagementsoftwareorganizes,manages,andprocessesbusinessdataconcernedwithinventory,customers,andvendors.

④NetworkingandTelecommunicationsTechnology

Networkingandtelecommunicationstechnologyprovidesdata,voice,andvideoconnectivitytoemployers,customers,andsuppliers.

⑤TechnologyServices

Runandmanageinfrastructureandtrainusers.

Listanddescribesthevarioustypesofcomputersavailabletobusinesstoday.

Personalcomputer（PC）——microcomputer;Workstation;Server——midrangecomputer,minicomputer;Mainframe;Supercomputer.

Whatistheclient/servermodelofcomputing?

Describethedifferencebetweenatwo-tieredandN-tierclient/serverarchitecture.

1）Client/serverisacomputationalarchitecturethatinvolvesclientprocessesrequestingservicefromserverprocesses.Inclient/servercomputing,computerprocessingissplitbetweenclientmachinesandservermachineslinkedbyanetwork.

2）IntheN-tierclient/serverarchitecture,theworkoftheentirenetworkisbalancedoverseveraldifferentlevelsofservers,dependingonthekindofservicebeingrequest.

WhatisTCO?

Thetotalcostofownership（TCO）modelcanbeusedtoanalyzethesedirectandindirectcosts（hardwareacquisition,softwareacquisition,installation,training,support,maintenance,infrastructure,downtime,spaceandenergy）tohelpdeterminetheactualcostofowningaspecifictechnology.

Whatiscloudcomputing?

Cloudcomputingisamodelforenablingconvenient,on-demandnetworkaccesstoasharedpoolofconfiguredcomputingresourcesthatcanberapidlyprovisionedandreleasedwithminimalmanagementeffortorserviceproviderinteraction.

Chapter5

Whatisarelationaldatabase?

Howdoesitorganizeandstoreinformation?

Therelationaldatabaseisthemostcommontypeofdatabasetoday.Relationaldatabaseorganizedataintotwo-dimensionaltableswithcolumnsandrows.Eachtablecontainsdataonanentityanditsattributes.

Eachindividualelementofdataaboutasupplierisstoredasaseparatefieldwithinthesuppliertable.Theactualinformationaboutasinglesupplierthatresidesinatableiscalledarow.Rowsarecommonlyreferredtoasrecords,or,inverytechnicalterms,astuples.Onesuppliercouldsupplymorethanonepart,thetablewouldneedmanyextrarowsforasinglesuppliertoshowallthepartsthatsupplierprovided.Wewouldbemaintainingagreatdealofdataaboutsuppliers,anditwouldbedifficulttosearchfortheinformationonanyindividualpartbecauseyouwouldnotknowwhetherthispartisthefirstoffiftiethpartinthissupplier’srecord.

Whatisadatawarehouse?

Whatproblemsdoesitsolveforabusiness?

Adatawarehouseisadatabasethatstorescurrentandhistoricaldataofpotentialinteresttodecisionmakersthroughoutthecompany.

Thedatawarehouseconsolidatesandstandardizesinformationfromdifferentoperationaldatabasesothattheinformationcanbeusedacrosstheenterpriseformanagementanalysisanddecisionmaking.

Chapter6

WhatisTCP/IP?

TCP/IP（TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol）isacommunicationsstandardsforlinkingdisparatenetworksandcomputers.

Nameanddescribetheprincipalnetworktopologies.

①Starnetwork—consistofacentralhostcomputerconnectedtoanumberofsmallercomputersorterminal

②Busnetwork—linksanumberofcomputersbysinglecircuitmadeoftwistedwire,coaxialcable,orfiberopticcable

③Ringnetwork—doesnotrelyonacentralhostcomputerandwillnotnecessarilybreakdownifoneofthecomponentcomputersmalfunction

Definethefollowings:

WAN,MAN,3G,modem,protocol,opticalnetwork,bandwidth,andInternet2.

WAN

Wide-areanetworks（WANs）spanbroadgeographicaldistances-entireregions,states,continents,orglobal.

MAN

Metropolitan-areanetwork（MAN）i