管理信息系统复习资料.docx

1、管理信息系统复习资料Chapter 1What is an information system？What activity does it perform？1). An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. In

2、 addition to supporting decision making, coordination, and control, information system also help managers and workers analyze problems, visualize complex subjects and create new products.2). Input. Processing. Output What is the difference between data and information？ Information:By information we

3、mean data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings. Data:Data are streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use.What ar

4、e the dimensions of information system?Organizations, people, information technologyChapter 2What are the characteristics of transaction processing systems? What role do they play in a business?Transaction processing systems (TPS) are computerized systems that perform and record daily routine transa

5、ctions necessary in conducting business; they serve the organizations operational level. The principal purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and to track the flow of transactions through the organization. At the operational level, tasks, resources, and goals are predefined

6、and highly structured. Managers need TPS to monitor the status of internal operations and the firms relationship with its external environment. TPS are major producers of information for other types of systems. Transaction processing systems are often so central to a business that TPS failure for a

7、few hours can lead to a firms demise and perhaps that of other firms linked to it.What are the characteristics of MIS? How do MIS differ from TPS? From DSS?Middle management needs systems to help with monitoring, controlling, decision making, and administrative activities. MIS provide middle manager

8、s with reports on the organizations current performance. This information is used to monitor and control the business and predict future performance. MIS summarize and report the companys basic operations using data supplied by TPSs. The basic transaction data from TPS are compressed and usually pre

9、sented in reports that are produced on a regular schedule. MIS serve managers primarily interested in weekly, monthly, and yearly results, although some MIS enable managers to drill down to see daily or hourly data if required. MIS generally provide answers to routine questions that have been specif

10、ied in advance and have a predefined procedure for answering them. MIS systems generally are not flexible and have little analytical capability. Most MIS use simple routines, such as summaries and comparisons, as opposed to sophisticated mathematical models or statistical techniques.MIS differs from

11、 TPS in that MIS deals with summarized and compressed data from the TPS.While MIS have an internal orientation, DSS will often use data from external sources, as well as data from TPS and MIS. DSS supports “what-if” analyses rather than a long-term structured analysis of MIS. MIS are generally not f

12、lexible and provide little analytical capabilities. In contrast, DSS are designed for analytical purposes and are flexible.What are the characteristics of DSS? How do they differ from those of ESS? Decision-support systems (DSS) support nonroutine decision making for middle managers. DSS provide sop

13、histicated analytical models and data analysis tools to support semi-structured and unstructured decision-making activities. DSS use data from TPS, MIS, and external sources, in condensed form, allowing decision makers to perform “what-if” analysis. DSS focus on problems that are unique and rapidly

14、changing; procedures for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined. DSS are designed so that users can work with them directly; these systems include interactive, user-friendly software. Executive support systems help senior managers address strategic issues and long-term trends, both in th

15、e firm and in the external environment. ESS address nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS provide a generalized computing and communications capacity that can be applied to a changing array of problems

16、. ESS are designed to incorporate data about external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, but they also draw summarized information from information from internal MIS and DSS. ESS are designed for ease-of-use and rely heavily on graphical presentations of data.Describe the relationships bet

17、ween TPS, MIS, DSS and ESS.Ideally, all four systems use the same basic data. TPS are a major source of internal data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. Internal data from TPS and MIS combine with external data to provide a source of analysis for DSS and ESS. All four systems are designed to

18、 give managers of all organizational levels and complete, consolidated view of the firm.Chapter 3Describe the four different kinds of competitive advantage for business.Barriers to entry that restrict supplyDemand control (switching cost refers to cost of switching from one product to a competing pr

19、oduct)Economies of scaleProcess efficiency (create cost advantage)Chapter 4What is information technology (IT) infrastructure? List and describe each of its components.Computer HardwareComputer harder consist of technology for computer processing, data storage, input and output.Computer SoftwareIt i

20、ncludes both system software and application software. System software manages the resources and activities of the computer. Application software applies the computer to a specific task for an end user.Data Management Technology (Software)Data management software organizes, manages, and processes bu

21、siness data concerned with inventory, customers, and vendors.Networking and Telecommunications TechnologyNetworking and telecommunications technology provides data, voice, and video connectivity to employers, customers, and suppliers.Technology ServicesRun and manage infrastructure and train users.L

22、ist and describes the various types of computers available to business today.Personal computer (PC) microcomputer; Workstation; Servermidrange computer, minicomputer; Mainframe; Supercomputer.What is the client/server model of computing? Describe the difference between a two-tiered and N-tier client

23、/server architecture.1) Client/server is a computational architecture that involves client processes requesting service from server processes. In client/server computing, computer processing is split between client machines and server machines linked by a network.2) In the N-tier client/server archi

24、tecture, the work of the entire network is balanced over several different levels of servers, depending on the kind of service being request.What is TCO?The total cost of ownership (TCO) model can be used to analyze these direct and indirect costs (hardware acquisition, software acquisition, install

25、ation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space and energy) to help determine the actual cost of owning a specific technology.What is cloud computing?Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configured computing resources

26、 that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.Chapter 5What is a relational database? How does it organize and store information?The relational database is the most common type of database today. Relational database organize data into tw

27、o-dimensional tables with columns and rows. Each table contains data on an entity and its attributes. Each individual element of data about a supplier is stored as a separate field within the supplier table. The actual information about a single supplier that resides in a table is called a row. Rows

28、 are commonly referred to as records, or, in very technical terms, as tuples. One supplier could supply more than one part, the table would need many extra rows for a single supplier to show all the parts that supplier provided. We would be maintaining a great deal of data about suppliers, and it wo

29、uld be difficult to search for the information on any individual part because you would not know whether this part is the first of fiftieth part in this suppliers record.What is a data warehouse? What problems does it solve for a business?A data warehouse is a database that stores current and histor

30、ical data of potential interest to decision makers throughout the company.The data warehouse consolidates and standardizes information from different operational database so that the information can be used across the enterprise for management analysis and decision making.Chapter 6What is TCP/IP?TCP

31、/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ) is a communications standards for linking disparate networks and computers.Name and describe the principal network topologies.Star networkconsist of a central host computer connected to a number of smaller computers or terminalBus networklinks a

32、 number of computers by single circuit made of twisted wire, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cableRing networkdoes not rely on a central host computer and will not necessarily break down if one of the component computers mal functionDefine the followings: WAN, MAN, 3G, modem, protocol, optical network, bandwidth, and Internet 2.WANWide-area networks (WANs) span broad geographical distances- entire regions, states, continents, or global.MANMetropolitan-area network (MAN) i