六级冲刺长篇阅读模拟.docx
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六级冲刺长篇阅读模拟
（一）
Earthquakes
A）Anearthquakeisoneofthemostterrifyingphenomenathatnaturecandishup.Wegenerallythinkofthegroundwestandonas“rock-solid”andcompletelystable.Anearthquakecanshatter（粉碎）thatperceptioninstantly,andoftenwithextremeviolence.
B）Upuntilrelativelyrecently,scientistsonlyhadunprovenguessesastowhatactuallycausedearthquakes.Eventodaythereisstillacertainamountofmysterysurroundingthem,butscientistshaveamuchclearerunderstanding.Therehasbeenenormousprogressinthepastcentury.Scientistshaveidentifiedtheforcesthatcauseearthquakes,anddevelopedtechnologythatcantellusanearthquake"smagnitudeandorigin.Thenexthurdleistofindawayofpredictingearthquakes,sotheydon’tcatchpeoplebysurprise.Inthisarticle,we’llfindoutwhatcausesearthquakes,andwe’llalsofindoutwhytheycanhavesuchadevastatingeffectonus.
C）Anearthquakeisavibration（震动）thattravelsthroughtheearth’scrust.Technically,alargetruckthatrumblesdownthestreetiscausingamini-earthquake,ifyoufeelyourhouseshakingasitgoesby;butwetendtothinkofearthquakesaseventsthataffectafairlylargearea,suchasanentirecity.Allkindsofthingscancauseearthquakes:
volcaniceruptions,meteor（流星）impacts,undergroundexplosions（anundergroundnucleartest,forexample）,collapsingstructures（suchasacollapsingmine）.Butthemajorityofnaturally-occurringearthquakesarecausedbymovementsoftheearth’splates.
D）Weonlyhearaboutearthquakesinthenewseveryonceinawhile,buttheyareactuallyaneverydayoccurrenceonourplanet.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey,morethan3millionearthquakesoccureveryyear.That’sabout8,000aday,oroneevery11seconds!
Thevastmajorityofthese3millionquakesareextremelyweak.Thelawofprobabilityalsocausesagoodnumberofstrongerquakestohappeninuninhabitedplaceswherenoonefeelsthem.Itisthebigquakesthatoccurinhighlypopulatedareasthatgetourattention.
E）Earthquakeshavecausedagreatdealofpropertydamageovertheyears,andtheyhaveclaimedmanylives.Inthelasthundredyearsalone,therehavebeenmorethan1.5millionearthquake-relatedfatalities.Usually,it’snottheshakinggrounditselfthatclaimslives;it’stheassociateddestructionofman-madestructuresandothernaturaldisastersitcauses,suchastsunamis,avalanches（雪崩）andlandslides.
F）Thebiggestscientificbreakthroughinthehistoryofseismology—thestudyofearthquakes—cameinthemiddleofthe20thcentury,withthedevelopmentofthetheoryofplatetectonics（筑造学）.Scientistsproposedtheideaofplatetectonicstoexplainanumberofpeculiarphenomenaonearth,suchastheapparentmovementofcontinentsovertime,theclusteringofvolcanicactivityincertainareasandthepresenceofhugeridgesatthebottomoftheocean.
G）Thebasictheoryisthatthesurfacelayeroftheearth—thelithosphere—iscomprisedofmanyplatesthatslideoverthelubricating（润滑的）asthenospherelayer.Attheboundariesbetweenthesehugeplatesofsoilandrock,threedifferentthingscanhappen.
H）Platescanmoveapart.Iftwoplatesaremovingapartfromeachother,hot,moltenrockflowsupfromthelayersofmantlebelowthelithosphere.Thismagma（岩浆）comesoutonthesurface（mostlyatthebottomoftheocean）,whereitiscalledlava（熔岩）.Asthelavacools,ithardenstoformnewlithospherematerial,fillinginthegap.Thisiscalledadivergentplateboundary.
I）Platescanpushtogether.Ifthetwoplatesaremovingtowardeachother,oneplatetypicallypushesundertheotherone.Thisplatebelowsinksintothelowermantlelayers,whereitmelts.Atsomeboundarieswheretwoplatesmeet,neitherplateisinapositiontopushundertheother,sotheybothpushagainsteachothertoformmountains.Thelineswhereplatespushtowardeachotherarecalledconvergentplateboundaries.
J）Platesslideagainsteachother.Atotherboundaries,platessimplyslidebyeachother—onemovesnorthandonemovessouth,forexample.Whiletheplatesdon’tdriftdirectlyintoeachotheratthesetransformboundaries,theyarepushedtightlytogether.Agreatdealoftensionbuildsattheboundary.
K）Weunderstandearthquakesalotbetterthanwedideven50yearsago,butwestillcan’tdomuchaboutthem.Theyarecausedbyfundamental,powerfulgeologicalprocessesthatarefarbeyondourcontrol.Theseprocessesarealsofairlyunpredictable,soit’snotpossibleatthistimetotellpeopleexactlywhenanearthquakeisgoingtooccur.Thefirstdetectedearthquakewaveswilltellusthatmorepowerfulvibrationsareontheirway,butthisonlygivesusafewminutes’warning,atmost.
L）Sowhatcanwedoaboutearthquakes?
Themajoradvancesoverthepast50yearshavebeeninpreparedness,particularlyinthefieldofconstructionengineering.In1973,theUniformBuildingCode,aninternationalsetofstandardsforbuildingconstruction,7added7specifications7to7strengthen7buildings7against7the7force7of7earthquake7waves.7This7includes7strengthening7support7material7as7well7as7designingbuildingssotheyareflexibleenoughtoabsorbvibrationswithoutfallingordeteriorating.It’sveryimportanttodesignstructuresthatcanundergothissortofattack,particularlyinearthquake-proneareas.
M）Anothercomponentofpreparednessiseducatingthepublic.TheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey（USGS）andothergovernmentagencieshaveproducedseveralbrochuresexplainingtheprocessesinvolvedinanearthquakeandgivinginstructionsonhowtoprepareyourhouseforapossibleearthquake,aswellaswhattodowhenaquakehits.
N）Inthefuture,improvementsinpredictionandpreparednessshouldfurtherminimizethelossoflifeandpropertyassociatedwithearthquakes.Butitwillbealongtime,ifever,beforewe’llbereadyforeverysubstantialearthquakethatmightoccur.Justlikesevereweatheranddisease,earthquakesareanunavoidableforcegeneratedbythepowerfulnaturalprocessesthatshapeourplanet.Allwecandoisincreaseourunderstandingofthephenomenonanddevelopbetterwaystodealwithit.
1.Earthquake-relatedfatalitiesareusuallycausedbybuildings，collapseandotherensuingnaturaldisasters,notbytheshakinggrounditself.
2.Besidesmovementsoftheearth’splates,otherforcessuchasvolcaniceruptions,meteorimpactsandsoon,canalsocauseearthquakes.
3.Earthquakesactuallyoccureveryday;mostofthemarenotbigenoughtogetourattention.
4.Peoplegenerallythinkthegroundbeneaththeirfeetiscompletelystable,butearthquakesshatterthatideainnotime.
5.Wecannotpreventearthquakesbutwecanactivelyfindbetterwaystofacethem.
6.Earthquakesarehardlypredictable,andpeoplecannotbetoldwhenanearthquakeisgoingtooccur.
7.Scientistshavefoundoutforcesthatcauseearthquakesthroughyearsofefforts.
8.Architectsnowhavedesignedflexiblebuildingstominimizethedamagesofearthquakes.
9.Scientistsusethetheoryofplatetectonicstoexplaintheapparentmovementofcontinentsovertime.
10.Theconvergentplateboundariesrefertothelineswhereplatespushtowardeachother.
文章精要
地震危害巨大，了解地震对减少其带来的损失有着重要意义。
本文讲解了引发地震的因素、与地震有关的地壳板块运动和地震的危害，并指出尽管人类还无法准确预测地震，但一些必要的防御措施能够减少地震带来的损失。
答案解析
1.E本题是对E段最后一句话的同义转述。
定位关键词是Earthquake-relatedfatalities。
原文用it’snot...thatclaimslives;it’s...结构指出“通常不是地壳晃动引起的死亡，而是伴随而来的房屋倒塌或其他自然灾害导致的死亡”，题目用...becausedby...notby...结构表达了同样的意思。
2.C本题是对C段最后两句的归纳，题目将两句话的含义概括为一句话。
定位关键词是movementsoftheearth$splates,volcaniceruptions,meteorimpacts
3.D本题是对D段的总结。
定位关键词是getourattention。
D段首句就提到每天都会发生地震，最后一句提到只有大地震才能引起人们的注意，本题就是对这两句话的概括。
4.A本题是对A段最后两句的同义转述。
定位关键词是shatter。
题目中的thegroundbeneaththeirfeet同义转述了原文中的thegroundwestandon。
5.N本题是对N段最后两句的概括。
定位关键词是betterways。
文章最后一句提到，我们能做的就是增加我们对地震的认识，寻找更好的方法来应对它，与题干表达一致。
6.K本题是对K段第三句的同义转述。
定位关键词是hardlypredictable。
原文提到：
虽然我们对地震有了更深的了解，但地震仍然不受我们的控制，地震是无法预测的，人们不可能得知地震什么时候会发生，表达与题干一致。
7.B本题是对B段第三、四句的同义转述。
定位关键词是causeearthquakes。
题目中的foundout同义转述了原文中的identified。
8.L本题是对L段最后两句的概括。
定位关键词是designed。
原文提到：
过去50年我们在应对地震方面取得了进步，尤其是在建筑工程领域。
我们用特殊材料加固房屋以应对地震的破坏，我们设计足够灵活的房屋，确保地震不会导致房屋倒塌，这与题干表达的完全一致。
9.F本题是F段中举例的一部分。
定位关键词是thetheoryofplatetectonics。
原文提到科学家用theideaofplatetectonics解释很多现象，其中之一就是theapparentmovementofcontinentsovertime。
10.I本题是对I段最后一句的同义转述。
定位关键词是convergentplateboundaries。
题干中的referto与原文中的arecalled属于同义转述。
（二）
A:
PizzaHutwasstartedin1958,bytwobrothersinWichita,Kansas.FrankandDanCarneyhadtheideatoopenapizzaparlor.Theyborrowed$600fromtheirmother,andopenedtheveryfirstPizzaHut.In1959,thefirstfranchiseunitopenedinTopeka,Kansas.Almostadecadelater,PizzaHutwouldbeservingonemillioncustomersaweekintheir310locations.In1970,PizzaHutwasputontheNewYorkStockExchangeunderthetickersymbolPIZ.
B:
In1986,PizzaHutintroduceddeliveryservice,somethingnootherrestaurantwasdoing.Bythe1990'sPizzaHutsaleshadreached$4billionworldwide.In1998,PizzaHutcelebratedtheir40thanniversary,andlaunchedtheirfamouscampaign"TheBestPizzasUnderOneRoof."In1996,PizzaHutsalesintheUnitedStateswereover$5million.Outofalltheexistingpizzachains,PizzaHuthadthelargestmarketshare,46.4%.However,PizzaHut'smarketsharehasslowlyerodedbecauseofintensecompetitionfromtheirrivalsDomino's,LittleCaesar'sandnewcomerPapaJohn's.Homedeliverywasadrivingforceforsuccess,especiallyforPizzaHutandDomino's.
C:
However,thisforcedcompetitorstolookfornewmethodsofincreasingtheircustomerbases.Manypizzachainsdecidedtodiversifyandoffernewnon-pizzaitemssuc
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