语言学复习资料1.docx

语言学复习资料1.docx

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语言学复习资料1

第一次Exercise1

1

（1）metlanguage:

itisthelanguageusedtoanalyzeordescribealanguage.

e.g.Somemorphemescanderivenewwords,suchas–nesswhenitadheretoanadjective.

（2）metalingualMetalingualisthefunctionoflanguagethatcanbeusedtotalkaboutlanguageitself.

（3）MacrolinguisticsMacrolinguisticsistheinteredisciplinarystudyoflanguage.ItmainlyincludessuchbranchesasPsycholinguistics,Sociolinguistics,Anthropologicallinguistics,ComputationalLinguistics,etc.（4）Langue:

略（5）Parole:

略

（6）Competence:

Itisalanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

（7）Performance:

Itreferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.

2.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples forillustrationifnecessary:

2-1.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

  Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

2-2.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky, performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.

2.4.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

  AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

3.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

（1）Phonologyisthestudyofspeechsoundsthathumanvoiceiscapableofcreatingwhereasphoneticsisthestudyofasubsetofthosesoundsthatconstitutelanguageandmeaning.

（2）Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthefirstfocusesonchaoswhilethesecondfocusesonorder.

（3）Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.

（4）Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

（5）Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.

（6）Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

（7）Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

4.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

（1）Saussuretooka（n）__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.

A.sociological…psychological    B.psychological…sociological

C.applied…pragmatic          D.semanticandlinguistic

（2）AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.parole     B.performanceC.langue       D.Language

（3）Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.A.sense         B.soundsC.objects      D.ideas

（4）Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptive                    B.analytic

C.descriptive                    D.linguistic

（5）Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.Arbitrariness  B.DisplacementC.Duality         D.Meaningfulness

（6）LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.

（7）Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts._______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

3. 

（1）F    

（2）T  （3）F    （4）T    （5）F  （6）T  （7）T  4.（1-5）ACBCD

第二次

GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish:

1.Phonetics

2.ArticulatoryPhonetics

3.AcousticPhonetics

4.AuditoryPhonetics

5.Phonology

6.SpeechOrgans

7.IPA

8.Themannerofarticulation

9.Theplaceofarticulation

10.[p]11.[b]12.[s]13.[z]14.[m]15.[L

Definethefollowingterms

1.Phonetics:

Phoneticsisthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,especiallythosesoundsusedinspeechandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.

2.ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

3.AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.

4.AuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds

5.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimsto‘discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur’.

6.SpeechOrgans:

ItisalsonamedasVOCALORGANS,arethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Theorgansinvolvedintheproductionofspeech:

lung,trachea（windpipe）,throat（larynx）,nose,mouth

7.IPAItistheabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888onthebasisofthephoneticalphabetproposedatthetime.Sincethenithasundergoneanumberofrevisions.

8.Themannerofarticulation

Itreferstowaysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished.

9.TheplaceofarticulationItreferstothepointwhereaconsonantismade.

Practicallyconsonantsmaybeproducedatanyplacebetweenthelipsandthevocalfolds.

GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish:

1[p]:

voicelessbilabialstop不带声双唇塞音2.[b]:

voicedbilabialstop带声双唇塞音

3.[s]:

voicelessalveolarfricative不带声齿龈擦音4.[z]:

voicedalveolarfricative带声齿龈擦音5.[m]:

bilabialnasal双唇鼻音6.[l]:

alveolarlateral齿龈边音

Exercise2-2第三次

Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion

1.Pitchvariationisknownas__A_______whenitspatternsareimposedonsente A.intonation B.tone   C.pronunciation       D.voice

2. Conventionallya____C______isputinslashes（//

   A.allophone    B.phonC.phoneme   D.morpheme

3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare____D______ofthepphoneme.

A.analogues    B.tagmemeC.morphemes   D.allophones

4.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

__A_A.[n]    B.[m]     C.[b]      D.[p]

5.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled_D_________.

 A.minimalpairs   B.allomorphs C.phones    D.allophones

6.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

BA.[i:

]      B.[u]        C.[e]      D.[i]

7.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

 A.Voiceless      B.Voiced    C.Glottalstop    D.Consonant

1. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.（T）

2.  Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.（T）

3.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.（F）

4. Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.（F）

ⅢFillintheblanks

1.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__friction___.

2.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthetongueandthelips.

3.InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthong,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.

4.Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.

5.__Pitch__variationswhichcandistinguishmeaningslike

phonemes.

Ⅳ.根据下列语音描述给出国际音标符号

不带声唇齿擦音[v]带声齿龈后擦音硬腭通音不带声声门擦音[h]

不带声齿龈塞音[d]中高前展唇元音[i:

]高央圆唇元音低前圆唇元音

Ⅴ.根据国际音标做出语音描述

1.[t]voicelessalveolarstop2.[d]voicedalveolarstop

3.[m]bilabialnasal4.[i:

]highfronttenseunroundedvowel

5.[u]highbacklaxroundedvowel6.[a]lowbacktenseunroundedvowel

Unit2TheSoundsofEnglish第四次

I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:

1Ofthethreephoneticsbranches,thelongestestablishedone,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics

2.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

3sound（p）intheword“spit”isanunaspiratedstop.

4.