语言学复习资料1.docx

1、语言学复习资料1第一次Exercise11 (1) metlanguage: it is the language used to analyze or describe a language. e.g. Some morphemes can derive new words, such as ness when it adhere to an adjective. (2) metalingual Metalingual is the function of language that can be used to talk about language itself. (3)Macrolin

2、guistics Macrolinguistics is the interedisciplinary study of language. It mainly includes such branches as Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Anthropological linguistics, Computational Linguistics, etc.(4)Langue: 略(5)Parole: 略(6)Competence: It is a language users underlying knowledge about the sys

3、tem of rules. (7)Performance: It refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.2. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examplesfor illustration if necessary: 2-1. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinction between langue, a

4、nd parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language

5、 users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not chang

6、e frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 2-2. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users k

7、nowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky,performance is the actual realization of this knowledge

8、 in linguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic,

9、not the performance, which is too haphazard.2.4. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences? Although Saussures distinction and Chomskys are very similar, they differ at least

10、 in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.3. Decide whether each of the following statements i

11、s True or False: (1)Phonology is the study of speech sounds that human voice is capable of creating whereas phonetics is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. (2) Phonetics is different from phonology in that the first focuses on chaos while the second focuses o

12、n order.(3)Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. (4)The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. (5) Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination o

13、f morphemes into words and words into sentences. (6) The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. (7) Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 4. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (1) Saussure took a (n)_ view of la

14、nguage, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychologicalB. psychologicalsociological C. applied pragmatic D. semantic and linguistic (2) According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paro

15、leB. performance C. langueD. Language (3) Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. senseB. sounds C. objectsD. ideas (4) If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptiveB. anal

16、ytic C. descriptive D. linguistic (5)Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement C. DualityD. Meaningfulness （6）Linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys _. （7）Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ refers to the ab

17、stract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.3.(1) F(2) T (3) F(4) T(5) F(6) T (7) T4. (1-5) ACBCD第二次Give the description of the following sound segments in English:1. Phonetics2. Articulatory Phonetics3. Acoustic Phonetics4. Auditory Phonetics5. Phonology6. Speech Organs7. I

18、PA8. The manner of articulation9. The place of articulation10. p 11. b12. s13. z14.m15. LDefine the following terms1. Phonetics: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classi

19、fication and transcription.2. Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.3. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 4. Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds5. Phonology is the study of the

20、 sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.6. Speech Organs: It is also named as VOCAL ORGANS, are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speec

21、h. The organs involved in the production of speech: lung, trachea (windpipe), throat (larynx), nose, mouth 7. IPA It is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the time.

22、Since then it has undergone a number of revisions. 8. The manner of articulation It refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished.9. The place of articulation It refers to the point where a consonant is made. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the voc

23、al folds. Give the description of the following sound segments in English:1 p : voiceless bilabial stop 不带声双唇塞音2. b: voiced bilabial stop 带声双唇塞音3. s : voiceless alveolar fricative 不带声齿龈擦音4. z: voiced alveolar fricative 带声齿龈擦音5. m: bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音6. l : alveolar lateral 齿龈边音Exercise 2-2第三次Choose

24、the best answer to each question 1. Pitch variation is known as _A_ when its patterns are imposed on sente A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 2. Conventionally a _C_ is put in slashes (/ / A. allophone B. phon C. phoneme D. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p

25、are _D_ of the p phoneme.A. analogues B. tagmeme C. morphemes D. allophones4. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?_A _A. n B. m C. b D. p5. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _D_. A. minimal pairs B. allomorphsC. phones D. allophones6. Which vowel is

26、 different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?B A. i: B. u C. e D. i 7. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acq

27、uire the quality of a speech sound. (T)2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. (T) 3. p is a voiced bilabial stop. (F)4. In

28、most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. (F) Fill in the blanks1.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _friction _.2. The qualities of vowels

29、 depend upon the position of the tongue and the lips. 3. In English there are a number of diphthong, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.4. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced , while all vowel sounds are voiced.5. _Pitch_ vari

30、ations which can distinguish meanings like phonemes. .根据下列语音描述给出国际音标符号不带声唇齿擦音 v 带声齿龈后擦音 硬腭通音 不带声声门擦音 h不带声齿龈塞音 d 中高前展唇元音 i: 高央圆唇元音 低前圆唇元音. 根据国际音标做出语音描述1.t voiceless alveolar stop 2.d voiced alveolar stop 3.m bilabial nasal 4.i: high front tense unrounded vowel 5.u high back lax rounded vowel 6.a low

31、back tense unrounded vowel Unit 2 The Sounds of English第四次I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 3 sound (p) in the word “spit” is an unaspirated stop. 4.