WORD优秀硕士论文秦汉医事法律制度述论.docx

WORD优秀硕士论文秦汉医事法律制度述论.docx

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WORD优秀硕士论文秦汉医事法律制度述论

秦汉医事法律制度述论

（硕士论文摘要）

今人每言及医事法律制度之历史，多喜论之于唐宋及其后，盖史料丰富、律令存世。

然秦汉时期在我国医学与医事法律制度的历史上是具有重要地位的，本文在继承学术界诸位先贤研究成果的基础上，试图勾勒出秦汉医事法律制度可见之大致框架，就某些制度加以探讨，并总结出其中可供借鉴的历史经验或启示。

本篇论文包括导言、正文、结论和参考文献四部分。

导言部分交待了本文的研究目的、相关研究状况、研究史料及方法，并在对本文标题进行说明的同时，也对相关概念加以辨析。

正文部分共分为四章。

第一章为医官制度。

首先，从太医令丞制度、医事属官系统、军队医疗系统、与医相关职位四个部分构建出了医官体系的设置。

其次，在考察医官的来源时，先从分析医者身份入手，再对当时的教育选拔制度加以论述。

最后，通过上述内容总结出秦汉医官制度的特征与评价。

第二章为防疫制度。

该制度主要由事前预防机制与事后应对措施构成。

前者主要包括了生态环境保护、日常卫生防疫、疫病奏验机制三部分；而后者则分为控制隔离、视察救助、禳除灾祸、灭绝生命这四方面。

最终，在总结秦汉防疫制度特征的同时，也对该制度中蕴涵的思想加以论述。

第三章为生育制度。

首先，从禁止适龄男女不婚、禁止“同姓为婚”与“近亲相奸”、明确法定婚姻年龄三个方面介绍了秦汉时是如何通过这些禁婚制度来保证优生的。

其次，论述了政府通过资助聘财、养胎保婴、杀怪子免罪的措施来鼓励结婚与生育。

最后，得出了秦汉生育制度的特征与蕴涵思想。

第四章则收集了一些散见于秦汉简牍或史书的法令，主要包括食品卫生与医疗责任两部分。

在食品卫生中介绍了对腐败、有毒食品的处理以及对疾腐肉革的赔偿问题。

而医疗责任部分则主要介绍了秦时的相关法令以及汉代三个有关医生获罪的案例。

最后，得出了本文的结论，即秦汉时期已经有了一套比较系统的医事法律制度，将其与当今相比较，会发现它已具有了现代医事法律体系的主体部分，而造成这种发展状况也与当时的政治军事、文化思想、医学科技、社会状况这些因素有关。

更为重要的是，我们考察秦汉医事法律制度，也能为解决当今诸如传染病防治、生态环境保护、父母杀伤畸形或残障子女等问题以及建设我国现代医事法律制度提供一些借鉴经验或启示。

[关键词]秦汉医事法律制度医官防疫生育

TheMedicalLegalInstitutioninQinandHanDynasty

（AbstractofMasterDissertation）

Regardingtothehistoryonmedicallegalsystem,thepeoplefavorstotalkabouttheTangandSongDynasty,andthelaterperiod,thereasonismainlyduetotheboundhistoricmaterials,lawsandregulations.However,theQinandHanDynastywasalsoanimportantperiodforthedevelopmentofChinesemedicalindustryandmedicallegalinstitution.Thisarticleaimstodrawthebriefframework,discusssomesystemsandsummarizesomereferablehistoricexperienceorrevelationonthemedicallegalinstitutionofQinandHanDynastybasedonthepreviousacademicachievements.

Thearticleincludesfourparts:

theintroduction,themaintext,theconclusionandthereferencedocuments.

Theintroductionpartdescribestheresearchpurpose,relevantresearchsituation,researchhistoricmaterialandmethods,statestheexplanationofthearticletitleanddistinguishestherelevantconception.

Themaintextismadeupbyfourchapters.Thefirstchapteristhemedicalofficerinstitution.Firstly,themedicalofficersystemincludesfourcomponents,whichareassistantofficialsystemofgrandphysician,medicalsubsidiaryofficialsystem,armforcemedicalsystemandtherelevantposition.Secondly,intermsoftheoriginalsourceofthemedicalofficers,thewriterdiscussestheeducationselectingsystematthatperiodbasedonthesocialidentificationofthemedicalpractitioners.Thirdly,thewritersummarizesthecharacterofthemedicalofficerinstitutioninQinandHanDynastyandmakestheevaluation.

Thesecondchapteristheimmunizationsystem.Itismadeupbytheinadvancepreventionmechanismandrespondingmeasuresaftertheevent.Theinadvancepreventionincludestheecologicalenvironmentprevention,dailyhealthandepidemicpreventionandepidemicdiseasereportsystem;therespondingmeasuresaftertheeventincludesthecontrollingisolation,inspectionassistance,disasterremovalanddistinguishthelife.Atlast,thecontainedthoughtsinthatsystemarestatedoutwhentosummarizethecharacteroftheepidemicpreventionsysteminQinandHandynasty.

Chapterthreeisaboutthechildbirthsystem.Firstly,inQinandHanDynasty,inordertoguaranteethehealthybirththroughthemarriagesystem,fortheadult,itwasforbiddentokeepsingle,andthepersonwhohadsamefamilynameandrelativeconnectionmarrytoeachothers,itwasregulatedthatonlytheadultwithcertainlegalagecangetmarriage.Secondly,thewriterintroducedthedifferentmeasurestoencouragethemarriageandbirth,includingthemarriagefundprovidingbythegovernment,protectingthepregnantwomanandthenewbabiesandlegallykillingontheabnormalbaby.Lastly,thewritersummarizesthefeatureandcontainedspiritinthebirthsystemofQinandHanDynasty.

ChapterfourisaboutthescattereddecreesorordersinthedocumentsandbooksinQinandHanDynasty,mainlyincludingthefoodhygieneandmedicalresponsibility.Inthepartoffoodhygiene,thewriterintroducesthedisposalmethodstothedecayedandpoisonedfood,andthecompensationmatterstothedecayedmeat.ThepartofthemedicalresponsibilitymainlyintroducestherelevantlawsinQinDynastyandthreelegalcasesonthedoctor’scrimesinHanDynasty.

LastpartistheconclusionofthearticlethattherewasarelativelysystematicmedicallegalinstitutioninQinandHanDynasty,whichwasthemainbodyofmodernmedicallegalinstitutions,comparedwithcurrentinstitutions.Suchdevelopmentsituationwasintherelevancewiththepoliticalmilitary,theculturalthought,themedicaltechnologyandsocialconditioninthatmoment.Moreimportant,throughtheresearchonthemedicallegalinstitutioninQinandHanDynasty,someexperienceandrevelationcanbereferredsuchaspreventionforepidemicdisease,protectionforecologicalenvironment,thekillingoftheabnormalbabyorthedisabledchildrenandtheconstructionformodernmedicallegalinstitutionsinChina.

Keywords:

QinandHanDynasty,MedicalLegalInstitutions,Medicalofficers,Immunization,Birth

目录

导言·········································································1

第一章医官制度···························································5

第一节医官体系设置················································5

一、太医令丞制度·······················································6

二、医事属官系统······················································6

三、军队医疗系统···················································8

四、与医相关职位·························································9

第二节医官的来源···························································11

一、医者身份分析···························································11

二、教育选拔制度···························································15

第三节秦汉医官制度的特征与评价·····································17

第二章防疫制度······················································18

第一节事前预防机制························································19

一、生态环境保护···························································19

二、日常卫生防疫·····················································21

三、疫病奏验机制·························································23

第二节事后应对措施···························································25

一、控制隔离·····························································25

二、视察救助····························································26

三、禳除灾祸································································28

四、灭绝生命··························································31

第三节秦汉防疫制度的特征与蕴涵思想································33

第三章生育制度················································34

第一节禁婚制度保优生·······················································35

一、禁止适龄男女不婚·····································35

二、禁止“同姓为婚”与“近亲相奸”······································35

三、明确法定婚姻年龄···················································40

第二节鼓励结婚与生育························································45

一、鼓励结婚助聘财······················································45

二、养胎保婴奖生育······················································46

三、杀害怪子可免罪··············································47

第三节秦汉生育制度的特征与蕴涵思想···························50

第四章其他散见法令··················································51

第一节食品卫生··················································51

一、腐败有毒食品的处理··················································51

二、疾腐肉革的赔偿问题···················································52

第二节医疗责任····························································53

一、秦之法令······························································54

二、汉之三例·················································54

结论········································································57

参考文献······················································61

秦汉医事法律制度述论

导言

一、研究目的

今人每言及医事法律制度之历史，多喜论之于唐宋及其后，盖史料丰富、律令存世。

特别是对《天圣令·医疾令》的发现与整理，再次掀起了唐宋医事法律制度的研究热潮。

然诚如《天圣令》整理课题组所言：

“春秋战国之时……秦国医官制度亦相当完备。

至秦朝……知医药事不废。

此后汉晋六朝迄至隋唐，例有医事之制，并欲向完备与成熟发展。

”且不论斯言准确与否，但唐宋医事法律制度的发展当非突如其来，这就让人对此前尤其是秦汉医事法律制度的发展状况倍感兴趣。

在西医传入前，中国古代所言之“医”主要是“中医”，更准确的的说应是“汉医”，传之海外则发展为“汉方医学”，从这种称呼上也可看出秦汉时期在我国医学与医事法律制度历史上的重要性。

故我们述论该题目之目的即：

勾勒出秦汉医事法律制度可见之大致框架，就某些制度或部分加以探讨，并总结出秦汉医事法律制度中可供借鉴的历史经验或启示。

二、相关研究状况

对于秦汉医事法律制度，囿于该方面资料较之后世朝代大为缺失并呈现零散状态，故研究成书者在纵向上多不限于秦汉，而是对各朝代进行连贯性研究，其中又可根据研究成果的作用分为以下三种：

（一）工具书

第一，辞书类。

如《中医大辞典（医史文献分册）》、李经纬等的《中国医学百科全书（医学史卷）》等。

第二，史料汇编类。

如钱远铭主编的《经史百家医录》，又如陈邦贤的《二十六史医学史料汇编》、《中国医学人名志》、《十三经医学史料汇编》、《诸子医学史料汇编》等。

至于仅成文章者，也另有陈邦贤的《中外医事年表》、《中外医事年表补遗》等。

（二）研究性著作

第一，医学通史类。

即对每个时期的医学内容进行全面系统论述并有所扩展，其中往往会有部分内容涉及医事法律制度。

如李经纬、林昭庚主编的《中国医学通史（古代卷）》第四章“秦汉时期医学”，就包括了医事制度、卫生保健与疾病预防措施、军事医学制度等。

又如李经纬所著《中医史》一书中第四章第十节即“秦汉时期医事管理医官与医官犯罪”。

第二，医药政策史类。

其在研究时多冠以现代“医政”、“药政”之名，主要关注的是历史上医药学发展与政策关系等，有时内容却不限于今之概念，而是将研究范围进行扩展延伸。

如梁峻在《中国古代医政史略》一书中就对“医政”一词重新界定为：

“规定用‘医政’这个现代名词概念代替封建社会中医药政策、医事制度、医药组织机构等项内容……将医学教育和药学教育都归并在‘医政’内容中进行讨论。

”

第三，具体专题史类。

即对某一制度或方面进行梳理研究，且内容不限于法律制度者。

如张剑光的《三千年疫情》中就包括了对各时期政府防疫做法的梳理，这些做法中不乏有颁于诏令、渐行成制者。

（三）教科书

从本文题目可见，其内容主要涉及到医学、史学、法学这三个母学科，将它们两两交叉与融合则发展为医学史、医事法学、法律史这三个子学科——目前关注该问题的研究者也主要来源上述这些母子学科，且不同学科研究者的出发角度与侧重面自然也不同。

第一，医学史。

这里主要介绍的是“中国医学史”，其属于中医药院校普遍开设的必修课，并在研究生阶段设置有相关专业。

虽其研究对象是医学发展的历史，但各种教材中都会涉及到一些医事法律制度史的内容，目前的通用教材是常存库主编的《中国医学史》。

第二，医事法学。

与其近似的学科名称还有“卫生法学”，有关二者的定义争论不仅表现在教科书的命名上，更影响至研究的对象、范围与内容体系设置上。

此类教材中多会有相关历史发展的章节内容，如蒲川、王安富主编的《医事法学》，又如杨芳、杨才宽主编的《卫生法学》。

第三，法律史。

这主要集中于中国法制史方向，其教科书在介绍各朝法律制度时也会对医事法律的内容有所涉及。

然从整体看，法律史专业对该问题的关注程度显然不如医学、史学专业高，该问题大部分研究者都是有着中医药学的专业背景的。

除上述所言成书者，相关论文则更多，且多侧重于小块，即：

纵向切至某一时段，横向细致到某一制度、方面或简牍材料，如李振宏的《汉代居延屯戍吏卒的医疗卫生状况》等。

而就秦汉医事法律制度系统论述成文者则相对鲜见，当然也并非没有，如郑怀林的《秦统一前后的医事制度》便就医事、医官、军医、卫生防疫、法医制度，以及对病残、幼儿和老人的管理、对医学文献的法规等作了初步探讨。

然其由于篇幅、资料的关系及对医事概念理解的不同，似并未搭起秦汉医事法律制度的完整框架，且仍有不少继续深入、补充的空间。

三、研究史料及方法

目前最早可见“医药疾病之事”入律令者，当属《晋令》，“西晋泰始年间，‘命贾充等撰令四十篇’，其中第十六曰‘医药疾病’”，但现在只存断简残篇于《晋令辑存·医药疾病令第十六》中。

此后，“医疾（医药疾病）令”之名亦得以延续，《天圣令》整理课题组所附的一个表格即列出了从《晋令》发展到《天圣令》过程中各令在名称、年代、卷数、出处、篇