环境学 问答题 部分答案.docx

环境学 问答题 部分答案.docx

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环境学问答题部分答案

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1.whataretwomeansofscience?

P41scienceisanattempttodiscoverorderinnatureandusethatknowledgetomakepredictionsaboutwhatislikelytohappeninnature.

Namethreeapplicationsofscience.（未找到）

Describethescientificmethod.P42Theyarewaysscientistsgatherdataandformulateandtextscientifichypotheses,models,theories,andlaws.Forexampleofapplyingthescientificmethod:

observation,question,hypothesis,testthehypothesis,experiment,result,conclusion,newhypothesis,experiment,results,conclusion.

Whatneedstooccurbeforearesearcher’sresultsarepublished?

（未找到）

Whyisimportant?

（未找到）

2.Describethebenefitsandcostsofdammingrivers.

P318-319themainpurposeistocaptureandstorerunoffandreleaseitasneededforcontrollingfloods,producingbydroelectricpower,andsupplyingwaterforirrigationandfortownsandcities.reservoirsalsoproviderecreationalactivitiessuchasswimming,fishing,andboating.somebadnewisthataseriesofdamscanreducedownstreamflowtoatrickleandpreventitfromreachingtheseaasapartofthehydrologiccycle.Whatparticularenvironmental,health,andsocialconcernshasChina’sThreeGorgesDamanditsreservoirsraised?

P3201.generatealmost10%ofchina’selectricityforusebyindustriesandabout150millionpeople.2.helpchinareduceitsdependenceoncoal,whichcausessevereairpollutionandreleasesenormousofgreenhousegascarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.3.holdbacktheYangtzerivier’sfloodwaters,whichhavekilledmorethan500,000peopleduringthepast100yearsincluding4,000peoplein1998.4.reducefloodingandsiltingoftheriverbyerodedsoil.

3.Whatisenvironmentalscience?

Studyofhowweandotherspeciesinteractwithoneanotherandwiththenonlivingenvironment（matterandenergy）.Itisaphysicalandsocialsciencethatintegratesknowledgefromawiderangeofdisciplines,includingphysics,chemistry,biology（especiallyecology）,geology,geography,resourcetechnologyandengineering,resourceconservationandmanagement,demography（thestudyofpopulationdynamics）,economics,politics,sociology,psychology,andethics

Nameseveraldisciplinesinvolvedinenvironmentalscience.归纳法与演绎法

Giveexamplesofthreemajorenvironmentalproblemsintheworldtoday,alongwiththeircauses.未找到

4.Abouthowthickistheatmosphere?

P41948KM.

Nameonecharacteristicsoftroposphereandstratosphere.p419troposphere:

extendsnolyabout17kilometeresabovesealevelattheequatorandabout8kilmeterboerthepoles.stratosphere:

extendsfromabout17to48kilmeters,itsvolumeofwatervaporisabout1/1000asmuch,anditsconcentrationofozoneismuchhigher.Howandwhyisstratosphericozonebeneficialforpeople,andtroposphericozoneharmful?

P419stratosphereozoneisproducedwhensomeoftheoxygenmoleculesthereinteractwithUVradiationemittedbythesun.preventsmuchoftheoxygeninthetropospherefrombeingconvertedtophotochemicalozone,aharmfulairpollutant.Whatisphotochemicalsmog,andhowdoesitform?

p423photochemicalsmogismixtureofprimaryandsecondarypollutantsfromedundertheinfluenceofsunlight.from:

p423-424化学方程式

5.Describefouruniquepropertiesofwater.P3131.waterexistsasaliquidoverawidetermperaturerange2.unlikemostliquids,waterexpandswhenitfreezes.3.ittakesalotofheattoevaporateliquidwater.4.liquidwatercandissolveavarietyofcompounds.Namethreemajortypesofwaterpollutants,andprovideanexampleofeach.P484表格19-1.Whydosomesciencesconsidergroundwaterpollutionagreaterproblemthansurfacewaterpollution?

P493whengroundwaterbecomescontaminated,itcannotcleanseitselfofdegradablewastesasflowingsurfacewaterdoes.ittakehundredstothousandsofyearsforcontaminatedgroundwatertocleanseitselfofdegradablewater.

6.Inthedemographictransitionmodel,describethebirthanddeathratesofthepre-industrialstageandtheindustrialstage?

Howdoesthismodelexplaintheincreaseinpopulationgrowthratesinrecentcenturiesandthedecreaseinpopulationgrowthratesrecentdecades?

Preindustrialstage,whenthereislittlepopulationgrowthbecauseharshlivingconditionsleadtobothahighbirthrate（tocompensateforhighinfantmortality）andahighdeathrate.

Industrialstage,whenthebirthratedropsandeventuallyapproachesthedeathrateasindustrializationandmodernizationbecomewidespread,populationgrowthcontinues,butataslowerandperhapsfluctuatingrate,dependingoneconomicsconditions.Mostdevelopedcountriesarenowinthisthirdstageandafewdevelopingcountriesareenteringthisstage.

在最近几个世纪，人口增长快，是因为工业化使粮食供应和医疗措施变好，使死亡率下降，但出生率仍然很高；但在最近几年，死亡率下降，出生率也相应下降导致人口增长慢

7Whatisasystem?

Distinguishamongtheinputs,flowsorthroughputs,stores,andoutputsofasystem.

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（1）Asystemisasetofcomponentfunctionandinteractinsomeregularandtheoreticallypredictablemannerandcanbeisolatedforthepurposeofobservationandstudy.

（2）Inputsofthingssuchasmatterenergyorinformationwithinthesystematatcertainrates.

（3）flowsorthroughputs,ofmatter,energy,orinformationwithinthesystematcertainrates.

（4）Stores,withinasystemwhereenergy,matter,orinformationcanaccumulateforvariouslengthsoftimebeforebeingreleased.

（5）Outputsofcertainformsofmatter,energy,orinformationthatflowoutofthesystemintosinksintheenvironment.

8.Describethethreetypesofweatheringthatmaycontributetotheprocessofsoilformation.Namethefiveprimaryfactorsthoughttoinfluencesoilformationanddescribeoneeffectofeach.

（1）Mechanicalweathering,inwhichalargerockmassisbrokenintosmallerfragmentsoftheoriginalmaterialsimilartotheresultsyouwouldgetbyusingaham-mertobreakarockintosmallfragments,themostimportantagentofmechanicalweatheringisfrostwedging,inwhichwatercollectsinporesandcracksofrock,expandsuponfreezing,andsplitsoffpiecesoftherock.

（2）Chemicalweathering,inwhichoneormorechemicalreactionsdecomposeamassofrock,mostchemicalweathering,involvesareactionofrockmaterialwithoxygen,carbondioxide,andmoistureintheatmosphereandtheground.

（3）生物风化是一些生物与母质发生物理和化学变化而形成的，例如，gender生长会使岩石裂缝变宽或是一些有机酸溶解一些矿物质。

影响土壤形成的五个因素是：

气候，生物，地势（地形高低程度），母质和时间

高温和潮湿的气候会促进物理风化

当地植被的差异性会改变有机物质的输入量

越陡的坡导致侵蚀的发生率越高

由石灰石风化形成的土壤不同于花岗岩风化形成的土壤

最近形成的土壤不会像先前形成的土壤那样好

9．Describethereasonswhysomepeoplesupportthedevelopmentofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsandsomeopposethegeneticallymodifiedcrops?

Support:

thegeneticallymodifiedorg，anismsisseenasapotentiallysustainablewaytosolveworldfoodproblems.通过转基因生物可以制造出一些抗虫性植物，从而减少杀虫剂的用量，还可以使一些植物的营养价值得到提高，比如增加水稻中维他命的含量。

Oppose:

（1）weknowfartoolittleaboutthepotentialharmandwidespreaduseofsuchcropstohumanhealthandecosystems.

（2）geneticallymodifiedorganismscannotberecallediftheycauseharmfulgeneticandecologicaleffects.

10.Whyarefossilfuelsourmostprevalentsourcesofenergytoday?

Whyaretheyconsiderednonrenewablesourcesofenergy?

Whataresomeoftheeffectsoffossilfuelsemissions?

（1）reason：

化石燃料的燃烧效率高，便于运输和储存，且天然气是一种清洁燃料，煤矿量的含量最多。

（2）被认为是不可再生能源是因为：

它们被提取和消耗的速度远远大于它们自然形成的速度

（3）化石燃料可以释放二氧化硫，二氧化碳，氮氧化物，这些物质会造成烟雾，酸沉降，全球气候变化和各种不同的健康问题，一些科学家基于先前的经验结果和小规模的可控制的研究，而担心这些释放物对植被和野生生物的破坏。

11.distinguishbetweenhigh-qualitymatterandlow-qualitymatter，andgiveanexampleofeach?

Whatisenergyefficiency?

Key:

◆High-qualityenergyisconcentratedandcanperformmuchusefulwork.e.g.electricity.

◆Low-qualityenergyisdispersedandhaslittleabilitytodousefulwork.e.g.heatdispersedinthemovingmoleculesofalargeamountofmattersothatitstemperatureislow.Oceanenergy

◆Energyefficiency:

orenergyproductivity,isameasurementofhowmuchusefulworkisaccomplishedbyaparticularinputofenergyintoasystem.

12.Whatispollution?

Distinguishbetweenpointsourcesandnonpointsourcesofpollution。

Listthreetypesofharmcausedbypollution。

Key:

◆Anyadditiontoair,water,soil,orfoodthatthreatensthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganismsiscalledpollution.

◆Pointsources:

wherepollutantscomefromsingle,identifiablesources.

◆Nonpointsources:

wherepollutantscomefromdispersed（andoftendifficulttoidentify）sources.

Threetypes:

◆Disruptionoflife-supportsystemsforhumansandotherspecies.

◆Damagetowildlife,humanhealth,andproperty

◆Nuisancessuchasnoiseandunpleasantsmells,tastes,andsights

13.Distinguishbetweeninductivereasoning and deductive reasoning ,andgiveanexampleofeach.

Key:

Inductivereasoninginvolvesusingspecificobservationsandmeasurementstoarriveatageneralconclusionorhypothesis.Forexample:

◆Throughobservationwemightuseinductivereasoningtoconcludethatallobjectsfalltotheearth’ssurfacewhendropped.Butwecannotbeabsolutelysuresomeonewilldropanobjectthatdoesnotfalltotheearth’ssurface.Whenscientistssaythatsomethinghasbeenprovedorestablishedbyinductivereasoning,theydonotmeanitisabsolutelytruebutthataveryhighprobabilityordegreeofcertaintyexiststhatitistrue.

Deductivereasoninginvolvesusinglogictoarriveataspecificconclusionbasedonageneralizationorpremise.Forexample:

◆Generalizationorpremise:

Allbirdshavefeathers/

Examples:

Eaglesarebirds.

Deductiveconclusion:

Alleagleshavefeathers.

Thisconclusionofthissyllogism（aseriesoflogicallyconnectedstatements）isvalidaslongasthepremiseiscorrect,andwedonotusefaultylogictoarriveattheconclusion.

14.Distinguishbetweenth