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English

TheEconomicAnalysisof“CertificatesFever”

amongUndergraduates

1.Graduates’“certificatesfever”intheeconomicbackground

1.1．Graduates’employmentpressureisthedirectcausefor"verificationhot"

SinceChinahadadoptedthesystemofmarketeconomy,coupledwiththereformofthepersonnelsystemandtheenlargementofcollegeenrollment,graduateshavebeendeprivedofthegovernment’sassignationforworkwhichwasregardedas"ironricebowl".Atthesametime,"two-waychoice"employmentsystemand“employedwithceritificates”wereimpletedandthesetwohavebrokentheoriginalemploymentsystem,thereforegraduates’employmentdifficultywasemerged.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatinourcountrygraduateshavebeensaturatedoroversupplied.Nationally,fromtherequirementsofeconomicandsocialdevelopment,universitygraduatesarestillinshortsupply,particularlyforthegrassroots,thewesternregion,thepoorandremoteareasandsometrialindustryalsoexsitedmanpowershortage,whichrequirealargenumberofpersonnel,especiallycollegegraduateswhocanmakecontributionstotheseplaces.Meanwhile,withthehighlevelofeconomicdevelopment,populationisconcentratedintheeasternpartwhereemploymenttendstosaturationbutlargenumberofuniversitygraduatesstill"flowtoeast”AlltheseshowthatChina’spersonnelmarketisstillshortofeffectiveemployment.Ontheotherhand,largenumberofinfluxlaid-offworkersfromtheenterprises’andgovernmentagencies’streamlineintotheemploymentmarket,increasedthepressureontheshoulderofgraduatesandundergraduatesforemployment.Facedwiththegrimemploymentsituation,universitygraduateshavetojoininthegroupof"verificationowners”inordertofindajob.

1.2．China'shighereducationlagsbehindeconomicdevelopment

WithChina’scontinuouslydeepenedreformandopeningup,theaccessiontotheWTO,andeconomicglobalization,China'shighereducationobviouslylagsbehindeconomicdevelopmentwhilethedemandfortalentsincreasinglyhasdiversified,flexiblefeatures.Meanwhile,China'shighereducationhas,tosomeextent,digressedfromtheindustryandSchooleducationisjustsimplycompletethetaskofteachingwhosecontentisdatedandsystemlacksofinstitutionalinnovation.Inthisway,thegraduatescultivatedcannotmeettheemploymentrequirement.Therefore,thestudentshavetomakeupthefallbetweenwhattheylearnedandwhatthesocialneededtoenhancetheirowncompetitivenessandhavetospendalotoftimeto"Charge".

1.3．Changesinnationalpolicy

Inrecentyears,ChinahasadoptedasystemofaccessiontoemploymentandvocationalqualificationcertificatesystembywhichtheemploymentmarketcouldbestandardizedandthequalityofpractitionersinthejobmarketcouldbeensuredandthedevelopmentofChina'svocationaleducationsystemcouldbepromoted.Butbecausethetwosystemswerenotimplementedverywell,nowthesetwoisnotonlyineffectivetoimprovethecountry'semploymentsituationbutalsospeedupthe"certificatesfever".Now,theemployingunitsestablishincreasinglyhighrequirementsforgraduatesfromitsowneconomicbenefits.Besidesadiplomaqualifications,theemployersalwayswantstoseeifgraduateshavea"multi-functionalvaluewhichis,whethertheypossessrelevantprofessionalqualificationcertificates.Atpresent,thedomesticlabormarketofexcessivecompetitionfortalentalsomakesgraduateswanttoincreasetheir"chips"inthejobmarket.

1.4．Theusageofthecertificatesintheworkplace

Despiteweallshoutedthatcertificatedoesnotmeanability,but,undeniably,tohaveapapercertificateinthejobmarketforcanscoreextrapointsforyou.Becauseitisimpossiblefortheemploterstoseetherealabilityofcandidates.Ingeneral,ifthecandidatesbringwithCET4、CET6、TEM4、TEM8、certificatesforcomputer,orothercertificatestoprovetheirability,thentheycanberegardedasoutstanding,orcompetenceforthework.Fromthefreshgraduatesjobmarkets,thegraduateswhoarearmedwithcertificateshaveanabsoluteadvantagetowardsthosewhodon’thave.Forcandidates,IfheorshehasCET6andcomputercertificates,thenit’seasyforthemtofindajob.IfheorsheiswithacertificateforCambridgeBusinessEnglish,thenitmeanscoperationpermissioninhand.IftheCPAisinhand,itwouldbemoreeasyforthemtofindajob.Therearemanyotherkindsofcertificates,suchasthecertificatesforteachers,forlawyers,forpsychologicalcounseling,andsoon.Theemployeescan’tgowithoutthesecertificates.Certificatecannotonlyhelpthecandidatestofightformoreopportunitiesbutalsoformoresalariesbecauseemployeeswithcertificatesaremoreself-confidenttoaskforahigherpayandcomparetivlyEmployersaremorelikelyto"draw"apayrise.Itispreciselybecauseofsuchreasons,studentsarewillingtousesuchapowerfulweapontoarmthemselves.

2.Gametheoryforthemotivitionsof“certificatesfever”

2.1．Generalintroductionforthegametheory

Gametheoryisthestudyofthemaindecision-makersdirectlywhenusedindecision-makingandpolicy-makinginbalance.Participate'schoice-makingisalwaysinfluencedbyotherparticipant’schoice,and,inturn,affecttheotherparticipants’choice,too.Ingametheory,aparticipant’sfunctionisnotonlydependentonhisownchoice,butalsoontheotherparticipants’choice,thustheindividul’sbestchoiceistochooseotherparticipate’sfunctions.

2.2．Cockfightinggame

Someday,incocksfightingmarket,therearetwomilitantroosterencountered.Atthistime,thecockshastwooptionsforaction:

Oneistostepdown,theotheristocontinueattacking.Ifoneretires,buttheotherdosenotstepdown,andtheotheristhevictor,buttheretiredonewasveryhumiliated;Iftheothersideisalsosteppingdownthenbothsideswereinbalance;Ifthefirstonedoesnotretires,andthesecondonesteppingdownthentheresultisreversed;Ifbothofthetwococksareforward,thenbothofthemwillsuffer.Therefore,foreachrooster,thebestresultisthattheotherstepdown,anditselfneverstepsdown.Butinthiswaytheytwofacedwithalose-loseoutcome.

2.3．Lookthroughthemotivitionsof"certificatesfever"fromcockfighting

Inthe"certifacatesfever"phenomenon,StudentswithAandBarecommonrepresentatives.Bothofthemhave"test"and"nottest"twooptionseffectivematrixofthegameareasfollows:

StudentA

testnottest

－２，－２

1-1

-1，1

-1-1

StudentB

Theeffectivemateixis-2,-2,whenallthestudentschoosetotakepartintheexaminationsandgetthecertificates,althoughtheycostyousomuchtimeandtakeyousomuchmoneyandyouhavenoadvantagestowardsothers.Ofcourse,ifotherpeopledonottake,itseemstohaveadistinctadvantage.Therefore,theeffectivematrixis-1and1respectively;Ifwechoosenottotake,comparedwithotherpeopleyoudonotrunadvantage,butthereisnosacrificeoftimeandmoney,Soare-1unitsproceeds.

Comparedwiththe“thegameofcockfighting”analyzethestudents’decision-makingprocess:

Withaseriousemploymentproblemandthearisingofvariouscertificates,studentsfeelthattheycan’tgowithoutanycertificates.Thecertificatesaremore,thebetter.ImusthavethecertificatesthatothershaveandIshouldhavethecertificatesthatothershaven’t,sointhefuturejobmarket,Icanbeconfidenttocompetewithothers.Inthisway,studentsarecompetingtohavethetest.Theresultisthatnoonehaveadvantagestowardsothersandnoonedisadvantages,too.Butifsomeonegivesup,thenhe/sheisimmediatelyatadisadvantageandtheothershaveadvantagestowardshim/her.Inordernottomakethemselvesatadisadvantage,Studentshadtogoontestingdesperately.

3．CostAnalysistoStudents’"certificatesfever"

3.1．timecost

Weallknowexaminationtakestime,sodoesthetraining.Now,avarietyofexaminationshasseriouslyaffectedthenormalacademicactivities.Somestudentsstayupinthenightinordertopassit,theotherdaytheyaredrowyintheclassroom.Consciouslyorunconsciously,somestudentschoosetheelectivecoursesorsomeunimportantcoursethattheythinkas“drowytime”.Torecuperatefromasleepandtopreparefornextbattles.Theydon’tthinkwhattheteachersaidintheclassroomisimportantsinceithasnothingtodowiththeirexamination.Studentsarebasicallyspendmostofthetimeontheexamination;andafterexamination,theyhavetostudythecourseforasecondtimebecausetheyfailed.Someluckywhopassedthecoursewon’tstudyitanymorebecauseit’snotimportantandthecertificatescanshowtheirability.Thus,intheclassroomoncampus,manycollegestudentshavenotbeenseriouslystudying.Theywillreadthebooksthatrelevanttotheexaminationsandevenrunawayfromtheclassroom.Thesephenomenaareeverywhere.Theresultisoftenamessofschoolworkandthelossoutweighsthegain.

Ontheotherhand,studentsmissalotofextra-curricularpracticaltrainingopportunitiesbecausetheyfocuson"certificates".Nowmanyemployersareorientedexperienceforthestudents.Wheredoestheexperiencecomefrom?

Extracurricularpractice.However,manystudentsspendweekendsevensummervacationandwintervacationontheexaminationsbecauseofthenumerouscertificates.Thiswillundoubtedlyreducemanyopportunitiestopracticeandtrainingforcollegestudents.

3.2.moneycost

Examinationsareluxuriousconsumptions.Underthecurrentstandards,foreachexamination,thecostrangefromseveralhundredyuanto1,000yuan,whereasinordertopassexaminationsandgetacertificate,we’dbettertakepart