最新英语语言学名词.docx

最新英语语言学名词.docx

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最新英语语言学名词

现代语言学

一绪论

1Linguisitics:

语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage

2Phonetics:

语音学Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变

3Phonology:

音韵学Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.

4Morphology:

形态学Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5Syntax:

句法学Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Forexample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”

6Semantics:

语义学Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample:

“Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.同义词、反义词，同音词

7Pragmatics:

语用学Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。

8Sociolinguistics:

社会语言Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample:

regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.方言，

9Psycholinguistics:

语言心理Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

二音系学

1Phonetics:

语音学Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

2Phonology:

音韵Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

3Phone:

语音Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.

4Phoneme:

音素；音位Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

5Allophone:

音位变体Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

6Complementarydistribution:

互补分布，语言学专业名词。

当两个语言成分（辅音、元音、词素等）不能在同一个环境中出现，即可形成语言互补分布。

Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

7Minimalpair:

最小对，在一种语言中，在某一方面差异最小的一组成分Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

8Stress:

重读Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableispronouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.

9tones:

声调Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.

10Intonation:

语调Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish

三形态学

1morphology:

形态学Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2inflectionalmorphology:

曲折形态学Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.

3derivationalmorphology:

派生形态学Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

4morpheme:

Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

5freemorpheme:

自由语素Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

6boundmorpheme:

黏着词素Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

7root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

8affix:

词缀Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.

9prefix:

前缀Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.

10suffix:

后缀Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

11derivation:

派生Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.

12compounding:

复合词Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

四句法学

1linguisticcompetence:

Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinling