Academic and GeneralReading.docx

Academic and GeneralReading.docx

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AcademicandGeneralReading

AcademicReading

QUESTIONS1-14

Youareadvisedtospendabout15minutesonQuestions1-14whichrefertoReadingPassage1below.

READINGPASSAGE1

FINDINGTHELOSTFREEDOM

1.Theprivatecarisassumedtohavewidenedourhorizonsandincreasedourmobility.Whenweconsiderourchildren'smobility,theycanbedriventomoreplaces（andmoredistantplaces）thantheycouldvisitwithoutaccesstoamotorvehicle.However,allowingourcitiestobedominatedbycarshasprogressivelyerodedchildren'sindependentmobility.Childrenhavelostmuchoftheirfreedomtoexploretheirownneighbourhoodorcitywithoutadultsupervision.Inrecentsurveys,whenparentsinsomecitieswereaskedabouttheirownchildhoodexperiences,themajorityrememberedhavingmore,orfarmore,opportunitiesforgoingoutontheirown,comparedwiththeirownchildrentoday.Theyhadmorefreedomtoexploretheirownenvironment.

2.Children'sindependentaccesstotheirlocalstreetsmaybeimportantfortheirownpersonal,mentalandpsychologicaldevelopment.Allowingthemtogettoknowtheirownneighbourhoodandcommunitygivesthema'senseofplace'.Thisdependson'activeexploration',whichisnotprovidedforwhenchildrenarepassengersincars.（Suchchildrenmayseemore,buttheylearnless.）Notonlyisitimportantthatchildrenbeabletogettolocalplayareasbythemselves,butwalkingandcyclingjourneystoschoolandtootherdestinationsprovidegenuineplayactivitiesinthemselves.

3.Thereareverysignificanttimeandmoneycostsforparentsassociatedwithtransportingtheirchildrentoschool,sportandtootherlocations.ResearchintheUnitedKingdomestimatedthatthiscost,in1990,wasbetween10billionand20billionpounds.

4.Thereductioninchildren'sfreedommayalsocontributetoaweakeningofthesenseoflocalcommunity.Asfewerchildrenandadultsusethestreetsaspedestrians,thesestreetsbecomelesssociableplaces.Thereislessopportunityforchildrenandadultstohavethespontaneousofcommunity.Thisinitselfmayexacerbatefearsassociatedwithassaultandmolestationofchildren,becausetherearefeweradultsavailablewhoknowtheirneighbours'children,andwhocanlookoutfortheirsafety.

5.Theextratrafficinvolvedintransportingchildrenresultsinincreasedtrafficcongestion,pollutionandaccidentrisk.Asourroadsbecomemoredangerous,moreparentsdrivetheirchildrentomoreplaces,thuscontributingtoincreasedlevelsofdangerfortheremainingpedestrians.Anyonewhohasexperiencedeitherthereducedvolumeoftrafficinpeakhourduringschoolholidays,orthetrafficjamsnearschoolsattheendofaschoolday,willnotneedconvincingaboutthesepoints.Thus,therearealsoimportantenvironmentalimplicationsofchildren'slossoffreedom.

6.Asindividuals,parentsstrivetoprovidethebestupbringingtheycanfortheirchildren.However,indoingso,（e.g.bydrivingtheirchildrentosport,schoolorrecreation）parentsmaybecontributingtoamoredangerousenvironmentforchildrengenerally.Theideathat'streetsareforcarsandbackyardsandplaygroundsareforchildren'isastronglyheldbelief,andparentshavelittlechoiceasindividualsbuttokeeptheirchildrenoffthestreetsiftheywanttoprotecttheirsafety.

7.InmanypartsofDutchcities,andsometrafficcalmedprecinctsinGermany,residentialstreetsarenowplaceswherecarsmustgivewaytopedestrians.Intheseareas,residentsareacceptingtheviewthatthefunctionofstreetsisnotsolelytoprovidemobilityforcars.Streetsmayalsobeforsocialinteraction,walking,cyclingandplaying.OneofthemostimportantaspectsoftheseEuropeancities,intermsofgivingcitiesbacktochildren,hasbeenarangeof'trafficcalming'initiatives,aimedatreducingthevolumeandspeedoftraffic.Theseinitiativeshavehadcomplexinteractiveeffects,leadingtoasensethatchildrenhavebeenableto'recapture'theirlocalneighbourhood,andmoreimportantly,thattheyhavebeenabletodothisinsafety.RecentresearchhasdemonstratedthatchildreninmanyGermancitieshavesignificantlyhigherlevelsoffreedomtotraveltoplacesintheirownneighbourhoodorcitythanchildreninothercitiesintheworld.

8.Modifyingcitiesinordertoenhancechildren'sfreedomwillnotonlybenefitchildren.Suchcitieswillbecomemoreenvironmentallysustainable,aswellasmoresociableandmorelivableforallcityresidents.Perhapsitwillbeourconcernforourchildren'swelfarethatconvincesusthatweneedtochallengethedominanceofthecarinourcities.

Questions1-5

Readstatements1-5whichrelatetoParagraphs1,2,and3ofthereadingpassage.AnswerТifthestatementistrue,Fifthestatementisfalse,orNIifthereisnoinformationgiveninthepassage.Writeyouranswersinthespacesnumbered1-5ontheanswersheet.Onehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.

Example:

Theprivatecarhasmadepeoplemoremobile.Answer:

Т

1.Theprivatecarhashelpedchildrenhavemoreopportunitiestolearn.

2.Childrenaremoreindependenttodaythantheyusedtobe.

3.Walkingandcyclingtoschoolallowschildrentolearnmore.

4.Childrenusuallywalkorcycletoschool.

5.Parentssavetimeandmoneybydrivingchildrentoschool.

Questions6-9

InParagraphs4and5,thereareFOURproblemsstated.Theseproblems,numberedasquestions6-9,arelistedbelow.Eachoftheseproblemshasacause,listedA-G.FindthecorrectcauseforeachoftheproblemsandwritethecorrespondingletterA-G,inthespacesnumbered6-9ontheanswersheet.Onehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.

Therearemorecausesthanproblemssoyouwillnotuseallofthemandyoumayuseanycausemorethanonce.

Problems

Example:

lowsenseofcommunityfeeling

6.streetsbecomelesssociable

7.fewerchancesformeetingfriends

8.fearsofdangerforchildren

9.higheraccidentrisk

Causes

Answer:

F

Afewadultsknowlocalchildren

Вfewerpeopleusethestreets

Сincreasedpollution

Dstreetsarelessfriendly

Elesstrafficinschoolholidays

Freducedfreedomforchildren

Gmorechildrendriventoschool

Questions10-14

Questions10-14arestatementbeginningswhichrepresentinformationgiveninParagraphs6,7and8.Intheboxbelow,therearesomestatementendingsnumberedi-x.Choosethecorrectendingforeachstatement.Writeyouranswersi-x,inthespacesnumbered10-14ontheanswersheet.Onehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.

Therearemorestatementendingsthanyouwillneed.

Example:

Bydrivingtheirchildrentoschool,parentshelpcreate…Answer:

i

10.Childrenshouldplay...

11.InsomeGermantowns,pedestrianshaverightofway…

12.Streetsshouldalsobeusedfor...

13.Reducingtheamountoftrafficandthespeedis...

14.Allpeoplewholiveinthecitywillbenefitifcitiesare...

Listofstatementendings

i...adangerousenvironment.

ii...modified.

iii...onresidentialstreets.

iv...modifyingcities.

v...neighbourhoods.

vi...socialising.

vii...inbackyards.

viii...forcars.

ix...trafficcalming.

x...residential

Questions15-28

READINGPASSAGE2 

RISINGSEA

Paragraph1.INCREASEDTEMPERATURES

Theaverageairtemperatureatthesurfaceoftheearthhasrisenthiscentury,ashasthetemperatureofoceansurfacewaters.Becausewaterexpandsasitheats,awarmeroceanmeanshighersealevels.Wecannotsaydefinitelythatthetemperaturerisesareduetothegreenhouseeffect;theheatingmaybepartofa‘natural’variabilityoveralongtime-scalethatwehavenotyetrecognizedinourshort100yearsofrecording.However,assumingthebuildupofgreenhousegasesisresponsible,andthatthewarmingwillcontinue,scientists–andinhabitantsoflow-lyingcoastalareas–wouldliketoknowtheextentoffuturesealevelrises.

Paragraph2.

Calculatingthisisnoteasy.Modelsusedforthepurposehavetreatedtheoceanaspassive,stationaryandone-dimensional.Scientistshaveassumedthatheatsimplydiffusedintotheseafromtheatmosphere.Usingbasicphysicallaws,theythenpredicthowmuchaknownvolumeofwaterwouldexpandforagivenincreaseintemperature.Buttheoceansarenotone-dimensional,andrecentworkbyoceanographers,usinganewmodelwhichtakesintoaccountanumberofsubtlefacetsofthesea–includingvastandcomplexoceancurrents–suggeststhattheriseinsealevelmaybelessthansomeearlierestimateshadpredicted.

Paragraph3.

Aninternationalforumonclimatechange,in1986,producedfiguresforlikelysea-levelrisesof20cmsand1.4m,correspondingtoatmospherictemperatureincreasesof1.5and4.5Crespectively.Somescientistsestimatethattheoceanwarmingresultingfromthosetemperatureincreasesbytheyear2050wouldraisethesealevelbybetween10cmsand40cms.Thismodelonlytakesintoaccountthetemperatureeffectontheoceans;itdoesnotconsiderchangesinsealevelbroughtaboutbythemeltingoficesheetsandglaciers,andchangesingroundwaterstorage.Whenweaddonestimatesofthese,wearriveatfiguresfortotalsea-levelrisesof15cmand70cmrespectively.

Paragraph4.

It’snoteasytryingtomodelaccuratelytheenormouscomplexitiesoftheever-changingoceans,withtheirgreatvolume,massivecurrentsandsensitivelytotheinfluenceoflandmassesandtheatmosphere.Forexample,considerhowheatenterstheocean.Doesitjust‘diffuse’fromthewarmerairverticallyintothewater,andheatonlythesurfacelayerofthesea?

（Warmwaterislessdensethancold,soitwouldnotspreaddownwards）.Conventionalmodelsofsea-levelrisehaveconsider