An Outline of 美国史.pptx
《An Outline of 美国史.pptx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《An Outline of 美国史.pptx(394页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![An Outline of 美国史.pptx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2022-10/3/82532fc7-bf85-4ff2-8e8c-ad8a7120fb87/82532fc7-bf85-4ff2-8e8c-ad8a7120fb871.gif)
AnOutlineofAmericanHistory,ChapterOne:
EarlyAmerica,1.TheFirstAmericansTheBeringSeaBeringia;theSiberiancoast2.TheFirstEuropeans:
ThefirstEuropeanstoarriveinNorthAmerica-atleastthefirstforwhomthereissolidevidence-wereNorse,travelingwestfromGreenland,whereEriktheRed,hadfoundedasettlementaroundtheyear985.In1001hissonLeifisthoughttohaveexploredthenortheastcoastofwhatisnowCanadaandspentatleastonewinterthere.In1497,justfiveyearsafterChristopherColumbuslandedintheCaribbeanlookingforawesternroutetoAsia,aVenetiansailornamedJohnCabotarrivedinNewfoundlandona,missionfortheBritishking.Althoughfairlyquicklyforgotten,CabotsjourneywaslatertoprovidethebasisforBritishclaimstoNorthAmerica.ItalsoopenedthewaytotherichfishinggroundsoffGeorgesBanks,towhichEuropeanfishermen,particularlythePortuguese,weresoonmakingregularvisits.,ColumbusneversawthemainlandUnitedStates,butthefirstexplorationsofthecontinentalUnitedStateswerelaunchedfromtheSpanishpossessionsthathehelpedestablish.WiththeconquestofMexicoin1522,theSpanishfurthersolidifiedtheirpositionintheWesternHemisphere.,AmongthemostsignificantearlySpanishexplorationswasthatofHernandoDeSoto,aveteranconquistadorwhohadaccompaniedFranciscoPizzaroduringtheconquestofPeru.LeavingHavanain1539,DeSotosexpeditionlandedinFloridaandrangedthroughthesouth-easternUnitedStatesasfarastheMississippiRiverinsearchofriches.,AnotherSpaniard,FranciscoCoronado,setoutfromMexico.HistravelstookhimtotheGrandCanyonandKansas.Coronadospartyleftthepeoplesoftheregionaremarkablegift:
enoughhorsesescapedtotransformlifeontheGreatPlains.,WhiletheSpanishwerepushingupfromthesouth,thenorthernportionofthepresent-dayUnitedStateswasslowlybeingrevealedthroughthejourneysofmensuchasGiovannidaVerrazano.AFlorentinewhosailedfortheFrench,VerrazanomadelandfallinNorthCarolinain1524,thensailednorthalongtheAtlanticcoastpastwhatisnowNewYorkharbor.,Adecadelater,theFrenchmanJacquesCartiersetsailwiththehope-liketheotherEuropeansbeforehim-offindingaseapassagetoAsia.CartiersexpeditionsalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverlaidthefoundationsfortheFrenchclaimstoNorthAmerica,whichweretolastuntil1763.,FollowingthecollapseoftheirfirstQuebeccolonyinthe1540s,FrenchHuguenotsattemptedtosettlethenortherncoastofFloridatwodecadeslater.TheSpanish,viewingtheFrenchasathreattotheirtraderoutealongtheGulfStream,destroyedthecolonyin1565.Ironically,theleaderoftheSpanishforces,PedroMenendez,wouldsoonestablishatownnotfaraway-St.Augustine.ItwasthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates.,In1578HumphreyGilbert,theauthorofatreatiseonthesearchfortheNorthwestPassage,receivedapatentfromQueenElizabethtocolonizetheheathenandbarbarouslandsintheNewWorldwhichotherEuropeannationshadnotyetclaimed.Itwouldbefiveyearsbeforehiseffortscouldbegin.Whenhewaslostatsea,hishalf-brother,WalterRaleigh,tookupthemission.,In1585RaleighestablishedthefirstBritishcolonyinNorthAmerica,onRoanokeIslandoffthecoastofNorthCarolina.Itwaslaterabandoned,andasecondefforttwoyearslateralsoprovedafailure.Itwouldbe20yearsbeforetheBritishwouldtryagain.Thistime-atJamestownin1607-thecolonywouldsucceed,andNorthAmericawouldenteranewera.,3.EarlySettlements,MostEuropeanemigrantslefttheirhomelandstoescapepoliticaloppression,toseekthefreedomtopracticetheirreligion,orforadventureandopportunitiesdeniedthemathome.Between1620and1635,economicdifficultiessweptEngland.Manypeoplecouldnotfindwork.,Evenskilledartisanscouldearnlittlemorethanabareliving.Poorcropyieldsaddedtothedistress.Inaddition,theIndustrialRevolutionhadcreatedaburgeoningtextileindustry,whichdemandedanever-increasingsupplyofwooltokeeptheloomsrunning.,Landlordsenclosedfarmlandsandevictedthepeasantsinfavorofsheepcultivation.Colonialexpansionbecameanoutletforthisdisplacedpeasantpopulation.Majesticrivers-theKennebec,Hudson,Delaware,Susquehanna,Potomacandnumerousothers-linkedlandsbetweenthecoastandtheAppalachianMountainswiththesea.,Onlyoneriver,however,theSt.Lawrence-dominatedbytheFrenchinCanada-offeredawaterpassagetotheGreatLakesandintotheheartofthecontinent.Denseforests,theresistanceofsomeIndiantribesandtheformidablebarrieroftheAppalachianMountainsdiscouragedsettlementbeyondthecoastalplain.Onlytrappersandtradersventuredintothewilderness.Forthefirsthundredyearsthecolonistsbuilttheirsettlementscompactlyalongthecoast.,Politicalconsiderationsinfluencedmanypeopletomoveto